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The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites
BACKGROUND: Somitogenesis is the earliest sign of segmentation in the developing vertebrate embryo. This process starts very early, soon after gastrulation has initiated and proceeds in an anterior-to-posterior direction during body axis elongation. It is widely accepted that somitogenesis is contro...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836991/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184730 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-10-24 |
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author | Tenin, Gennady Wright, David Ferjentsik, Zoltan Bone, Robert McGrew, Michael J Maroto, Miguel |
author_facet | Tenin, Gennady Wright, David Ferjentsik, Zoltan Bone, Robert McGrew, Michael J Maroto, Miguel |
author_sort | Tenin, Gennady |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Somitogenesis is the earliest sign of segmentation in the developing vertebrate embryo. This process starts very early, soon after gastrulation has initiated and proceeds in an anterior-to-posterior direction during body axis elongation. It is widely accepted that somitogenesis is controlled by a molecular oscillator with the same periodicity as somite formation. This periodic mechanism is repeated a specific number of times until the embryo acquires a defined specie-specific final number of somites at the end of the process of axis elongation. This final number of somites varies widely between vertebrate species. How termination of the process of somitogenesis is determined is still unknown. RESULTS: Here we show that during development there is an imbalance between the speed of somite formation and growth of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM)/tail bud. This decrease in the PSM size of the chick embryo is not due to an acceleration of the speed of somite formation because it remains constant until the last stages of somitogenesis, when it slows down. When the chick embryo reaches its final number of somites at stage HH 24-25 there is still some remaining unsegmented PSM in which expression of components of the somitogenesis oscillator is no longer dynamic. Finally, we identify a change in expression of retinoic acid regulating factors in the tail bud at late stages of somitogenesis, such that in the chick embryo there is a pronounced onset of Raldh2 expression while in the mouse embryo the expression of the RA inhibitor Cyp26A1 is downregulated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites. In addition, endogenous retinoic acid is probably also involved in the termination of the process of segmentation, and in tail growth in general. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2836991 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-28369912010-03-12 The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites Tenin, Gennady Wright, David Ferjentsik, Zoltan Bone, Robert McGrew, Michael J Maroto, Miguel BMC Dev Biol Research article BACKGROUND: Somitogenesis is the earliest sign of segmentation in the developing vertebrate embryo. This process starts very early, soon after gastrulation has initiated and proceeds in an anterior-to-posterior direction during body axis elongation. It is widely accepted that somitogenesis is controlled by a molecular oscillator with the same periodicity as somite formation. This periodic mechanism is repeated a specific number of times until the embryo acquires a defined specie-specific final number of somites at the end of the process of axis elongation. This final number of somites varies widely between vertebrate species. How termination of the process of somitogenesis is determined is still unknown. RESULTS: Here we show that during development there is an imbalance between the speed of somite formation and growth of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM)/tail bud. This decrease in the PSM size of the chick embryo is not due to an acceleration of the speed of somite formation because it remains constant until the last stages of somitogenesis, when it slows down. When the chick embryo reaches its final number of somites at stage HH 24-25 there is still some remaining unsegmented PSM in which expression of components of the somitogenesis oscillator is no longer dynamic. Finally, we identify a change in expression of retinoic acid regulating factors in the tail bud at late stages of somitogenesis, such that in the chick embryo there is a pronounced onset of Raldh2 expression while in the mouse embryo the expression of the RA inhibitor Cyp26A1 is downregulated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites. In addition, endogenous retinoic acid is probably also involved in the termination of the process of segmentation, and in tail growth in general. BioMed Central 2010-02-25 /pmc/articles/PMC2836991/ /pubmed/20184730 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-10-24 Text en Copyright ©2010 Tenin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research article Tenin, Gennady Wright, David Ferjentsik, Zoltan Bone, Robert McGrew, Michael J Maroto, Miguel The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites |
title | The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites |
title_full | The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites |
title_fullStr | The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites |
title_full_unstemmed | The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites |
title_short | The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites |
title_sort | chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites |
topic | Research article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836991/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184730 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-10-24 |
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