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BOTULINUM TOXIN
Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A, B, C(1), C(2), D, E, F and G). All serotypes interfere with neural transmission by blocki...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Medknow Publications
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856357/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20418969 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60343 |
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author | Nigam, P K Nigam, Anjana |
author_facet | Nigam, P K Nigam, Anjana |
author_sort | Nigam, P K |
collection | PubMed |
description | Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A, B, C(1), C(2), D, E, F and G). All serotypes interfere with neural transmission by blocking the release of acetylcholine, the principal neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle paralysis. The weakness induced by injection with botulinum toxin A usually lasts about three months. Botulinum toxins now play a very significant role in the management of a wide variety of medical conditions, especially strabismus and focal dystonias, hemifacial spasm, and various spastic movement disorders, headaches, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, and some chronic conditions that respond only partially to medical treatment. The list of possible new indications is rapidly expanding. The cosmetological applications include correction of lines, creases and wrinkling all over the face, chin, neck, and chest to dermatological applications such as hyperhidrosis. Injections with botulinum toxin are generally well tolerated and side effects are few. A precise knowledge and understanding of the functional anatomy of the mimetic muscles is absolutely necessary to correctly use botulinum toxins in clinical practice. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2856357 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | Medknow Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-28563572010-04-25 BOTULINUM TOXIN Nigam, P K Nigam, Anjana Indian J Dermatol CME Article Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A, B, C(1), C(2), D, E, F and G). All serotypes interfere with neural transmission by blocking the release of acetylcholine, the principal neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle paralysis. The weakness induced by injection with botulinum toxin A usually lasts about three months. Botulinum toxins now play a very significant role in the management of a wide variety of medical conditions, especially strabismus and focal dystonias, hemifacial spasm, and various spastic movement disorders, headaches, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, and some chronic conditions that respond only partially to medical treatment. The list of possible new indications is rapidly expanding. The cosmetological applications include correction of lines, creases and wrinkling all over the face, chin, neck, and chest to dermatological applications such as hyperhidrosis. Injections with botulinum toxin are generally well tolerated and side effects are few. A precise knowledge and understanding of the functional anatomy of the mimetic muscles is absolutely necessary to correctly use botulinum toxins in clinical practice. Medknow Publications 2010 /pmc/articles/PMC2856357/ /pubmed/20418969 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60343 Text en © Indian Journal of Dermatology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | CME Article Nigam, P K Nigam, Anjana BOTULINUM TOXIN |
title | BOTULINUM TOXIN |
title_full | BOTULINUM TOXIN |
title_fullStr | BOTULINUM TOXIN |
title_full_unstemmed | BOTULINUM TOXIN |
title_short | BOTULINUM TOXIN |
title_sort | botulinum toxin |
topic | CME Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856357/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20418969 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60343 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT nigampk botulinumtoxin AT nigamanjana botulinumtoxin |