Cargando…
The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
BACKGROUND: Dar es Salaam has an extensive drain network, mostly with inadequate water flow, blocked by waste, causing flooding after rainfall. The presence of Anopheles and Culex larvae is common, which is likely to impact the transmission of lymphatic filariasis and malaria by the resulting adult...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2010
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876116/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520797 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000693 |
_version_ | 1782181664967884800 |
---|---|
author | Castro, Marcia C. Kanamori, Shogo Kannady, Khadija Mkude, Sigsbert Killeen, Gerry F. Fillinger, Ulrike |
author_facet | Castro, Marcia C. Kanamori, Shogo Kannady, Khadija Mkude, Sigsbert Killeen, Gerry F. Fillinger, Ulrike |
author_sort | Castro, Marcia C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Dar es Salaam has an extensive drain network, mostly with inadequate water flow, blocked by waste, causing flooding after rainfall. The presence of Anopheles and Culex larvae is common, which is likely to impact the transmission of lymphatic filariasis and malaria by the resulting adult mosquito populations. However, the importance of drains as larval habitats remains unknown. METHODOLOGY: Data on mosquito larval habitats routinely collected by the Urban Malaria Control Program (UMCP) and a special drain survey conducted in 2006 were used to obtain a typology of habitats. Focusing on drains, logistic regression was used to evaluate potential factors impacting the presence of mosquito larvae. Spatial variation in the proportion of habitats that contained larvae was assessed through the local Moran's I indicator of spatial association. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: More than 70% of larval habitats in Dar es Salaam were human-made. Aquatic habitats associated with agriculture had the highest proportion of Anopheles larvae presence and the second highest of Culex larvae presence. However, the majority of aquatic habitats were drains (42%), and therefore, 43% (1,364/3,149) of all culicine and 33% (320/976) of all anopheline positive habitats were drains. Compared with drains where water was flowing at normal velocity, the odds of finding Anopheles and Culex larvae were 8.8 and 6.3 (p<0.001) times larger, respectively, in drains with stagnant water. There was a positive association between vegetation and the presence of mosquito larvae (p<0.001). The proportion of habitats with mosquito larvae was spatially correlated. CONCLUSION: Restoring and maintaining drains in Dar es Salaam has the potential to eliminate more than 40% of all potential mosquito larval habitats that are currently treated with larvicides by the UMCP. The importance of human-made larval habitats for both lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors underscores the need for a synergy between on-going control efforts of those diseases. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2876116 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-28761162010-06-02 The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania Castro, Marcia C. Kanamori, Shogo Kannady, Khadija Mkude, Sigsbert Killeen, Gerry F. Fillinger, Ulrike PLoS Negl Trop Dis Research Article BACKGROUND: Dar es Salaam has an extensive drain network, mostly with inadequate water flow, blocked by waste, causing flooding after rainfall. The presence of Anopheles and Culex larvae is common, which is likely to impact the transmission of lymphatic filariasis and malaria by the resulting adult mosquito populations. However, the importance of drains as larval habitats remains unknown. METHODOLOGY: Data on mosquito larval habitats routinely collected by the Urban Malaria Control Program (UMCP) and a special drain survey conducted in 2006 were used to obtain a typology of habitats. Focusing on drains, logistic regression was used to evaluate potential factors impacting the presence of mosquito larvae. Spatial variation in the proportion of habitats that contained larvae was assessed through the local Moran's I indicator of spatial association. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: More than 70% of larval habitats in Dar es Salaam were human-made. Aquatic habitats associated with agriculture had the highest proportion of Anopheles larvae presence and the second highest of Culex larvae presence. However, the majority of aquatic habitats were drains (42%), and therefore, 43% (1,364/3,149) of all culicine and 33% (320/976) of all anopheline positive habitats were drains. Compared with drains where water was flowing at normal velocity, the odds of finding Anopheles and Culex larvae were 8.8 and 6.3 (p<0.001) times larger, respectively, in drains with stagnant water. There was a positive association between vegetation and the presence of mosquito larvae (p<0.001). The proportion of habitats with mosquito larvae was spatially correlated. CONCLUSION: Restoring and maintaining drains in Dar es Salaam has the potential to eliminate more than 40% of all potential mosquito larval habitats that are currently treated with larvicides by the UMCP. The importance of human-made larval habitats for both lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors underscores the need for a synergy between on-going control efforts of those diseases. Public Library of Science 2010-05-25 /pmc/articles/PMC2876116/ /pubmed/20520797 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000693 Text en Castro et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Castro, Marcia C. Kanamori, Shogo Kannady, Khadija Mkude, Sigsbert Killeen, Gerry F. Fillinger, Ulrike The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania |
title | The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania |
title_full | The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania |
title_fullStr | The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania |
title_full_unstemmed | The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania |
title_short | The Importance of Drains for the Larval Development of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria Vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania |
title_sort | importance of drains for the larval development of lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors in dar es salaam, united republic of tanzania |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876116/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520797 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000693 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT castromarciac theimportanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT kanamorishogo theimportanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT kannadykhadija theimportanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT mkudesigsbert theimportanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT killeengerryf theimportanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT fillingerulrike theimportanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT castromarciac importanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT kanamorishogo importanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT kannadykhadija importanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT mkudesigsbert importanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT killeengerryf importanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania AT fillingerulrike importanceofdrainsforthelarvaldevelopmentoflymphaticfilariasisandmalariavectorsindaressalaamunitedrepublicoftanzania |