Nanoparticles Induce Changes of the Electrical Activity of Neuronal Networks on Microelectrode Array Neurochips

BACKGROUND: Nanomaterials are extensively used in industry and daily life, but little is known about possible health effects. An intensified research regarding toxicity of nanomaterials is urgently needed. Several studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs; diameter < 100 nm) can be transported to the central nervous system; however, interference of NPs with the electrical activity of neurons has not yet been shown. OBJECTIVES/METHODS: We investigated the acute electrophysiological effects of carbon black (CB), hematite (Fe(2)O(3)), and titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) NPs in primary murine cortical networks on microelectrode array (MEA) neurochips. Uptake of NPs was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The multiparametric assessment of electrical activity changes caused by the NPs revealed an NP-specific and concentration-dependent inhibition of the firing patterns. The number of action potentials and the frequency of their patterns (spike and burst rates) showed a significant particle-dependent decrease and significant differences in potency. Further, we detected the uptake of CB, Fe(2)O(3), and TiO(2) into glial cells and neurons by TEM. Additionally, 24 hr exposure to TiO(2) NPs caused intracellular formation of ROS in neuronal and glial cells, whereas exposure to CB and Fe(2)O(3) NPs up to a concentration of 10 μg/cm(2) did not induce significant changes in free radical levels. CONCLUSION: NPs at low particle concentrations are able to exhibit a neurotoxic effect by disturbing the electrical activity of neuronal networks, but the underlying mechanisms depend on the particle type.