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Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits
Pathogens have important effects on host life-history traits, but the magnitude of these effects is often strongly context-dependent. The outcome of an interaction between a host and an infectious agent is often associated with the level of stress experienced by the host. Ranavirus causes disease an...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2965661/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21060894 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013723 |
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author | Echaubard, Pierre Little, Kevin Pauli, Bruce Lesbarrères, David |
author_facet | Echaubard, Pierre Little, Kevin Pauli, Bruce Lesbarrères, David |
author_sort | Echaubard, Pierre |
collection | PubMed |
description | Pathogens have important effects on host life-history traits, but the magnitude of these effects is often strongly context-dependent. The outcome of an interaction between a host and an infectious agent is often associated with the level of stress experienced by the host. Ranavirus causes disease and mortality in amphibian populations in various locations around the world, but most known cases of ranaviral infection have occurred in North America and the United Kingdom. While Ranavirus virulence has been investigated, the outcome of Ranavirus infection has seldom been related to the host environment. In a factorial experiment, we exposed Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens, formerly Rana pipiens) tadpoles to different concentrations of Ranavirus and investigated the effect of host density on certain life-history traits, namely survival, growth rate, developmental stage and number of days from virus exposure to death. Our results suggest a prominent role of density in driving the direction of the interaction between L. pipiens tadpoles and Ranavirus. We showed that increasing animal holding density is detrimental for host fitness as mortality rate is higher, day of death earlier, development longer and growth rate significantly lower in high-density tanks. We observed a linear increase of detrimental effects when Ranavirus doses increased in low-density conditions, with control tadpoles having a significantly higher overall relative fitness. However, this pattern was no longer observed in high-density conditions, where the effects of increasing Ranavirus dose were limited. Infected and control animals fitness were consequently similar. We speculate that the host may eventually diverts the energy required for a metabolic/immune response triggered by the infection (i.e., direct costs of the infection) to better cope with the increase in environmental “stress” associated with high density (i.e., indirect benefits of the infection). Our results illustrate how the net fitness of organisms may be shaped by ecological context and emphasize the necessity of examining the direct/indirect costs and benefits balance to fully understand host-pathogen interactions. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2965661 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-29656612010-11-08 Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits Echaubard, Pierre Little, Kevin Pauli, Bruce Lesbarrères, David PLoS One Research Article Pathogens have important effects on host life-history traits, but the magnitude of these effects is often strongly context-dependent. The outcome of an interaction between a host and an infectious agent is often associated with the level of stress experienced by the host. Ranavirus causes disease and mortality in amphibian populations in various locations around the world, but most known cases of ranaviral infection have occurred in North America and the United Kingdom. While Ranavirus virulence has been investigated, the outcome of Ranavirus infection has seldom been related to the host environment. In a factorial experiment, we exposed Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens, formerly Rana pipiens) tadpoles to different concentrations of Ranavirus and investigated the effect of host density on certain life-history traits, namely survival, growth rate, developmental stage and number of days from virus exposure to death. Our results suggest a prominent role of density in driving the direction of the interaction between L. pipiens tadpoles and Ranavirus. We showed that increasing animal holding density is detrimental for host fitness as mortality rate is higher, day of death earlier, development longer and growth rate significantly lower in high-density tanks. We observed a linear increase of detrimental effects when Ranavirus doses increased in low-density conditions, with control tadpoles having a significantly higher overall relative fitness. However, this pattern was no longer observed in high-density conditions, where the effects of increasing Ranavirus dose were limited. Infected and control animals fitness were consequently similar. We speculate that the host may eventually diverts the energy required for a metabolic/immune response triggered by the infection (i.e., direct costs of the infection) to better cope with the increase in environmental “stress” associated with high density (i.e., indirect benefits of the infection). Our results illustrate how the net fitness of organisms may be shaped by ecological context and emphasize the necessity of examining the direct/indirect costs and benefits balance to fully understand host-pathogen interactions. Public Library of Science 2010-10-28 /pmc/articles/PMC2965661/ /pubmed/21060894 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013723 Text en Echaubard et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Echaubard, Pierre Little, Kevin Pauli, Bruce Lesbarrères, David Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits |
title | Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits |
title_full | Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits |
title_fullStr | Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits |
title_full_unstemmed | Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits |
title_short | Context-Dependent Effects of Ranaviral Infection on Northern Leopard Frog Life History Traits |
title_sort | context-dependent effects of ranaviral infection on northern leopard frog life history traits |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2965661/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21060894 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013723 |
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