Air Pollution and Emergency Department Visits for Otitis Media: A Case-Crossover Study in Edmonton, Canada

BACKGROUND: Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common early childhood infections, resulting in an enormous economic burden to the health care system through unscheduled doctor visits and antibiotic prescriptions. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association between ambient air pollution exposure and emergency department (ED) visits for OM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten years of ED data were obtained from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and linked to levels of air pollution: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone (O(3)), sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter (PM) of median aerometric diameter ≤ 10 and 2.5 μm (PM(10) and PM(2.5) respectively). A time-stratified case-crossover technique was applied to analyze the associations between ambient air pollution and health outcomes. Conditional logistic regression analysis with the subject’s identification number as a stratum variable was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals after adjustment for meteorological factors. RESULTS: We based the analysis on 14,527 ED visits for OM over 10 years in children 1–3 years of age. We observed statistically significant positive associations between ED visits for OM and interquartile increases in CO and NO(2) levels after adjusting for ambient temperature and relative humidity. We observed the strongest associations (expressed by ORs) in the warmer months (April–September) in girls and all patients for exposure to CO and NO(2), and in boys for exposure to CO, for 2 days before an OM ED visit. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that ED visits for OM are associated with ambient air pollution.