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Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents

The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argu...

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Autores principales: Wittig, Roman M., Boesch, Christophe
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2010
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981571/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21085592
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013995
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author Wittig, Roman M.
Boesch, Christophe
author_facet Wittig, Roman M.
Boesch, Christophe
author_sort Wittig, Roman M.
collection PubMed
description The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argues that bystander affiliation calms the victim and reduces their stress levels. The self-protection hypothesis proposes that a bystander offers affiliation to either opponent to protect himself from redirected aggression by this individual. The relationship-repair hypothesis suggests a bystander can substitute for a friend to reconcile the friend with the friend's former opponent. Here, we contrast all three hypotheses and tested their predictions with data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We examined the first and second post-conflict interactions with respect to both the dyadic and triadic relationships between the bystander and the two opponents. Results showed that female bystanders offered affiliation to their aggressor friends and the victims of their friends, while male bystanders offered affiliation to their victim friends and the aggressors of their friends. For both sexes, bystander affiliation resulted in a subsequent interaction pattern that is expected for direct reconciliation. Bystander affiliation offered to the opponent's friend was more likely to lead to affiliation among opponents in their subsequent interaction. Also, tolerance levels among former opponents were reset to normal levels. In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence for the relationship-repair hypothesis, moderate evidence for the consolation hypothesis and no evidence for the self-protection hypothesis. Furthermore, that bystanders can repair a relationship on behalf of their friend indicates that recipient chimpanzees are aware of the relationships between others, even when they are not kin. This presents a mechanism through which chimpanzees may gain benefits from social knowledge.
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spelling pubmed-29815712010-11-17 Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents Wittig, Roman M. Boesch, Christophe PLoS One Research Article The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argues that bystander affiliation calms the victim and reduces their stress levels. The self-protection hypothesis proposes that a bystander offers affiliation to either opponent to protect himself from redirected aggression by this individual. The relationship-repair hypothesis suggests a bystander can substitute for a friend to reconcile the friend with the friend's former opponent. Here, we contrast all three hypotheses and tested their predictions with data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We examined the first and second post-conflict interactions with respect to both the dyadic and triadic relationships between the bystander and the two opponents. Results showed that female bystanders offered affiliation to their aggressor friends and the victims of their friends, while male bystanders offered affiliation to their victim friends and the aggressors of their friends. For both sexes, bystander affiliation resulted in a subsequent interaction pattern that is expected for direct reconciliation. Bystander affiliation offered to the opponent's friend was more likely to lead to affiliation among opponents in their subsequent interaction. Also, tolerance levels among former opponents were reset to normal levels. In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence for the relationship-repair hypothesis, moderate evidence for the consolation hypothesis and no evidence for the self-protection hypothesis. Furthermore, that bystanders can repair a relationship on behalf of their friend indicates that recipient chimpanzees are aware of the relationships between others, even when they are not kin. This presents a mechanism through which chimpanzees may gain benefits from social knowledge. Public Library of Science 2010-11-15 /pmc/articles/PMC2981571/ /pubmed/21085592 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013995 Text en Wittig, Boesch. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Wittig, Roman M.
Boesch, Christophe
Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents
title Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents
title_full Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents
title_fullStr Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents
title_full_unstemmed Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents
title_short Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents
title_sort receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981571/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21085592
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013995
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