Ocular infection of mice with an avirulent recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-4 and an attenuated HSV-1 strain generates virulent recombinants in vivo

PURPOSE: To assess the relative impact of overexpression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expressing recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) on altering immune responses in ocularly infected mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice were co-infected ocularly with avirulent HSV-1 strain KOS and avirulent recombinant HSV-1 expressing murine IL-4 (HSV-IL-4). Controls mice were co-infected with KOS + HSV-IL-2 or KOS + HSV-IFNγ. Following ocular infection, virus replication in the eye, corneal scarring (CS), and survival were determined. We also isolated recombinant viruses from eye and trigeminal ganglia of KOS + HSV-IL-4 infected mice. RESULTS: In this study we found that ocular infection of BALB/c mice with a mixture of HSV-IL-4 and KOS resulted in increased death and increased eye disease. In contrast, when mice were infected in one eye with KOS and the other eye with HSV-IL-4 no death or eye disease was seen. Intraperitoneal co-infection of mice with KOS and HSV-IL-4 also did not result in HSV-1 induced death. Interestingly, ocular infection of mice with a mixture of HSV-IL-2 and KOS did not have any effect on severity of the disease in infected mice. We isolated recombinant viruses from KOS + HSV-IL-4 infected mice eye and trigeminal ganglia. Some of the isolated viruses were more neurovirulent then either parental virus. Infection of macrophages with IL-4 expressing virus down-regulated IL-12 production by macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a role for IL-4 in suppression of immune response and generation of virulent viruses in vivo.