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Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Although habituation is possibly the simplest form of learning, we still do not fully understand the neurobiological basis of habituation in any organism. To advance the goal of a comprehensive understanding of habituation, we have studied long-term habituation (LTH) of the gill-withdrawal reflex (G...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Research Foundation
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998902/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21152260 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00181 |
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author | Esdin, Joseph Pearce, Kaycey Glanzman, David L. |
author_facet | Esdin, Joseph Pearce, Kaycey Glanzman, David L. |
author_sort | Esdin, Joseph |
collection | PubMed |
description | Although habituation is possibly the simplest form of learning, we still do not fully understand the neurobiological basis of habituation in any organism. To advance the goal of a comprehensive understanding of habituation, we have studied long-term habituation (LTH) of the gill-withdrawal reflex (GWR) in the marine snail Aplysia californica. Previously, we showed that habituation of the GWR in a reduced preparation lasts for up to 12 h, and depends on protein synthesis, as well as activation of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and postsynaptic glutamate receptors. Here, we have used the reduced preparation to further analyze the mechanisms of LTH in Aplysia. We found that LTH of the GWR depends on RNA synthesis because it was blocked by both the irreversible transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin-D and the reversible transcriptional inhibitor, 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside (DRB). In addition, LTH requires activation of protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin), because it was disrupted by ascomycin. Finally, LTH was blocked by nitrendipine, which indicates that activation of l-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels is required for this form of learning. Together with our previous results, the present results indicate that exclusively presynaptic mechanisms, although possibly sufficient for short-term habituation, are insufficient for LTH. Rather, LTH must involve postsynaptic, as well as presynaptic, mechanisms. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2998902 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | Frontiers Research Foundation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-29989022010-12-09 Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Esdin, Joseph Pearce, Kaycey Glanzman, David L. Front Behav Neurosci Neuroscience Although habituation is possibly the simplest form of learning, we still do not fully understand the neurobiological basis of habituation in any organism. To advance the goal of a comprehensive understanding of habituation, we have studied long-term habituation (LTH) of the gill-withdrawal reflex (GWR) in the marine snail Aplysia californica. Previously, we showed that habituation of the GWR in a reduced preparation lasts for up to 12 h, and depends on protein synthesis, as well as activation of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and postsynaptic glutamate receptors. Here, we have used the reduced preparation to further analyze the mechanisms of LTH in Aplysia. We found that LTH of the GWR depends on RNA synthesis because it was blocked by both the irreversible transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin-D and the reversible transcriptional inhibitor, 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside (DRB). In addition, LTH requires activation of protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin), because it was disrupted by ascomycin. Finally, LTH was blocked by nitrendipine, which indicates that activation of l-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels is required for this form of learning. Together with our previous results, the present results indicate that exclusively presynaptic mechanisms, although possibly sufficient for short-term habituation, are insufficient for LTH. Rather, LTH must involve postsynaptic, as well as presynaptic, mechanisms. Frontiers Research Foundation 2010-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC2998902/ /pubmed/21152260 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00181 Text en Copyright © 2010 Esdin, Pearce and Glanzman. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Esdin, Joseph Pearce, Kaycey Glanzman, David L. Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels |
title | Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels |
title_full | Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels |
title_fullStr | Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels |
title_full_unstemmed | Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels |
title_short | Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Requires Gene Transcription, Calcineurin and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels |
title_sort | long-term habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in aplysia requires gene transcription, calcineurin and l-type voltage-gated calcium channels |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998902/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21152260 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00181 |
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