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Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is an unusual case of brain plasticity, since new neurons (and not just neurites and synapses) are added to the network in an activity-dependent way. At the behavioral level the plasticity-inducing stimuli include both physical and cognitive activity. In reductionistic...

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Autores principales: Kempermann, Gerd, Fabel, Klaus, Ehninger, Dan, Babu, Harish, Leal-Galicia, Perla, Garthe, Alexander, Wolf, Susanne A.
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Research Foundation 2010
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000002/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21151782
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2010.00189
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author Kempermann, Gerd
Fabel, Klaus
Ehninger, Dan
Babu, Harish
Leal-Galicia, Perla
Garthe, Alexander
Wolf, Susanne A.
author_facet Kempermann, Gerd
Fabel, Klaus
Ehninger, Dan
Babu, Harish
Leal-Galicia, Perla
Garthe, Alexander
Wolf, Susanne A.
author_sort Kempermann, Gerd
collection PubMed
description Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is an unusual case of brain plasticity, since new neurons (and not just neurites and synapses) are added to the network in an activity-dependent way. At the behavioral level the plasticity-inducing stimuli include both physical and cognitive activity. In reductionistic animal studies these types of activity can be studied separately in paradigms like voluntary wheel running and environmental enrichment. In both of these, adult neurogenesis is increased but the net effect is primarily due to different mechanisms at the cellular level. Locomotion appears to stimulate the precursor cells, from which adult neurogenesis originates, to increased proliferation and maintenance over time, whereas environmental enrichment, as well as learning, predominantly promotes survival of immature neurons, that is the progeny of the proliferating precursor cells. Surprisingly, these effects are additive: boosting the potential for adult neurogenesis by physical activity increases the recruitment of cells following cognitive stimulation in an enriched environment. Why is that? We argue that locomotion actually serves as an intrinsic feedback mechanism, signaling to the brain, including its neural precursor cells, increasing the likelihood of cognitive challenges. In the wild (other than in front of a TV), no separation of physical and cognitive activity occurs. Physical activity might thus be much more than a generally healthy garnish to leading “an active life” but an evolutionarily fundamental aspect of “activity,” which is needed to provide the brain and its systems of plastic adaptation with the appropriate regulatory input and feedback.
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spelling pubmed-30000022010-12-10 Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity Kempermann, Gerd Fabel, Klaus Ehninger, Dan Babu, Harish Leal-Galicia, Perla Garthe, Alexander Wolf, Susanne A. Front Neurosci Neuroscience Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is an unusual case of brain plasticity, since new neurons (and not just neurites and synapses) are added to the network in an activity-dependent way. At the behavioral level the plasticity-inducing stimuli include both physical and cognitive activity. In reductionistic animal studies these types of activity can be studied separately in paradigms like voluntary wheel running and environmental enrichment. In both of these, adult neurogenesis is increased but the net effect is primarily due to different mechanisms at the cellular level. Locomotion appears to stimulate the precursor cells, from which adult neurogenesis originates, to increased proliferation and maintenance over time, whereas environmental enrichment, as well as learning, predominantly promotes survival of immature neurons, that is the progeny of the proliferating precursor cells. Surprisingly, these effects are additive: boosting the potential for adult neurogenesis by physical activity increases the recruitment of cells following cognitive stimulation in an enriched environment. Why is that? We argue that locomotion actually serves as an intrinsic feedback mechanism, signaling to the brain, including its neural precursor cells, increasing the likelihood of cognitive challenges. In the wild (other than in front of a TV), no separation of physical and cognitive activity occurs. Physical activity might thus be much more than a generally healthy garnish to leading “an active life” but an evolutionarily fundamental aspect of “activity,” which is needed to provide the brain and its systems of plastic adaptation with the appropriate regulatory input and feedback. Frontiers Research Foundation 2010-12-08 /pmc/articles/PMC3000002/ /pubmed/21151782 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2010.00189 Text en Copyright © 2010 Kempermann, Fabel, Ehninger, Babu, Leal-Galicia, Garthe and Wolf. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Kempermann, Gerd
Fabel, Klaus
Ehninger, Dan
Babu, Harish
Leal-Galicia, Perla
Garthe, Alexander
Wolf, Susanne A.
Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity
title Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity
title_full Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity
title_fullStr Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity
title_full_unstemmed Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity
title_short Why and How Physical Activity Promotes Experience-Induced Brain Plasticity
title_sort why and how physical activity promotes experience-induced brain plasticity
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000002/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21151782
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2010.00189
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