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Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bolting, the first visible sign of reproductive transition in beets (Beta vulgaris), is controlled by the dominant bolting gene B (B allele), which allows for flowering under long days (LDs, >14 h light) without prior vernalization. The B-locus carries recessive alleles (bb)...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Oxford University Press
2010
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000703/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476070 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plq012 |
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author | Mutasa-Göttgens, Effie S. Qi, Aiming Zhang, Wenying Schulze-Buxloh, Gretel Jennings, Andrea Hohmann, Uwe Müller, Andreas E. Hedden, Peter |
author_facet | Mutasa-Göttgens, Effie S. Qi, Aiming Zhang, Wenying Schulze-Buxloh, Gretel Jennings, Andrea Hohmann, Uwe Müller, Andreas E. Hedden, Peter |
author_sort | Mutasa-Göttgens, Effie S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bolting, the first visible sign of reproductive transition in beets (Beta vulgaris), is controlled by the dominant bolting gene B (B allele), which allows for flowering under long days (LDs, >14 h light) without prior vernalization. The B-locus carries recessive alleles (bb) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. spp. vulgaris), so that vernalization and LDs are required for bolting and flowering. Gibberellin growth hormones (GAs) control stem elongation and reproductive development, but their role during these processes in sugar beet is not defined. We aimed to investigate the involvement of GAs in bolting and flowering in sugar beet, and also its relationship with the vernalization requirement as defined by the B-gene. METHODOLOGY: Plants segregating for the B allele were treated with exogenous GA(4) under inductive (16 h light) and non-inductive (8 h light) photoperiods, with and without prior vernalization treatment. A co-dominant polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker was used to genotype the B-gene locus. Bolting and flowering dates were scored, and bolt heights were measured as appropriate. Analysis of variance was used to determine the effects and interactions of GAs, the B allele and vernalization on bolting and flowering. The effects of the B allele on bolting were also verified in the field. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: Application of GAs or the B allele could initiate bolting independently. When the B allele was absent, the applied GAs promoted stem growth, but did so only in vernalized plants, irrespective of photoperiod. Under LDs, bolt height before flowering in plants carrying the B allele (BB; Bb) was not significantly influenced by GAs. The timing and frequency of flowering were influenced by the B allele without interactive effects from GAs. CONCLUSIONS: In sugar beet, GA acts independently of the B allele and photoperiod to induce bolting. Vernalization enables GA action independently of the B allele; hence, the dominant B allele may not directly participate in vernalization-induced bolting. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-3000703 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-30007032010-12-10 Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization Mutasa-Göttgens, Effie S. Qi, Aiming Zhang, Wenying Schulze-Buxloh, Gretel Jennings, Andrea Hohmann, Uwe Müller, Andreas E. Hedden, Peter AoB Plants Research Articles BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bolting, the first visible sign of reproductive transition in beets (Beta vulgaris), is controlled by the dominant bolting gene B (B allele), which allows for flowering under long days (LDs, >14 h light) without prior vernalization. The B-locus carries recessive alleles (bb) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. spp. vulgaris), so that vernalization and LDs are required for bolting and flowering. Gibberellin growth hormones (GAs) control stem elongation and reproductive development, but their role during these processes in sugar beet is not defined. We aimed to investigate the involvement of GAs in bolting and flowering in sugar beet, and also its relationship with the vernalization requirement as defined by the B-gene. METHODOLOGY: Plants segregating for the B allele were treated with exogenous GA(4) under inductive (16 h light) and non-inductive (8 h light) photoperiods, with and without prior vernalization treatment. A co-dominant polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker was used to genotype the B-gene locus. Bolting and flowering dates were scored, and bolt heights were measured as appropriate. Analysis of variance was used to determine the effects and interactions of GAs, the B allele and vernalization on bolting and flowering. The effects of the B allele on bolting were also verified in the field. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: Application of GAs or the B allele could initiate bolting independently. When the B allele was absent, the applied GAs promoted stem growth, but did so only in vernalized plants, irrespective of photoperiod. Under LDs, bolt height before flowering in plants carrying the B allele (BB; Bb) was not significantly influenced by GAs. The timing and frequency of flowering were influenced by the B allele without interactive effects from GAs. CONCLUSIONS: In sugar beet, GA acts independently of the B allele and photoperiod to induce bolting. Vernalization enables GA action independently of the B allele; hence, the dominant B allele may not directly participate in vernalization-induced bolting. Oxford University Press 2010 2010-08-09 /pmc/articles/PMC3000703/ /pubmed/22476070 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plq012 Text en © The Authors 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Articles Mutasa-Göttgens, Effie S. Qi, Aiming Zhang, Wenying Schulze-Buxloh, Gretel Jennings, Andrea Hohmann, Uwe Müller, Andreas E. Hedden, Peter Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization |
title | Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization |
title_full | Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization |
title_fullStr | Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization |
title_full_unstemmed | Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization |
title_short | Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization |
title_sort | bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene b and vernalization |
topic | Research Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000703/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476070 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plq012 |
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