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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae
The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of OSAS in children, and obesity, hypotonic neuromuscular diseases, and craniofacial anomalies are other major risk factors. Snoring is the most co...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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The Korean Pediatric Society
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004499/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21189956 http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2010.53.10.863 |
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author | Chang, Sun Jung Chae, Kyu Young |
author_facet | Chang, Sun Jung Chae, Kyu Young |
author_sort | Chang, Sun Jung |
collection | PubMed |
description | The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of OSAS in children, and obesity, hypotonic neuromuscular diseases, and craniofacial anomalies are other major risk factors. Snoring is the most common presenting complaint in children with OSAS, but the clinical presentation varies according to age. Agitated sleep with frequent postural changes, excessive sweating, or abnormal sleep positions such as hyperextension of neck or abnormal prone position may suggest a sleep-disordered breathing. Night terror, sleepwalking, and enuresis are frequently associated, during slow-wave sleep, with sleep-disordered breathing. Excessive daytime sleepiness becomes apparent in older children, whereas hyperactivity or inattention is usually predominant in younger children. Morning headache and poor appetite may also be present. As the cortical arousal threshold is higher in children, arousals are not easily developed and their sleep architectures are usually more conserved than those of adults. Untreated OSAS in children may result in various problems such as cognitive deficits, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poor academic achievement, and emotional instability. Mild pulmonary hypertension is not uncommon. Rarely, cardiovascular complications such as cor pulmonale, heart failure, and systemic hypertension may develop in untreated cases. Failure to thrive and delayed development are serious problems in younger children with OSAS. Diagnosis of pediatric OSAS should be based on snoring, relevant history of sleep disruption, findings of any narrow or collapsible portions of upper airway, and confirmed by polysomnography. Early diagnosis of pediatric OSAS is critical to prevent complications with appropriate interventions. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-3004499 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | The Korean Pediatric Society |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-30044992010-12-28 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae Chang, Sun Jung Chae, Kyu Young Korean J Pediatr Review Article The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of OSAS in children, and obesity, hypotonic neuromuscular diseases, and craniofacial anomalies are other major risk factors. Snoring is the most common presenting complaint in children with OSAS, but the clinical presentation varies according to age. Agitated sleep with frequent postural changes, excessive sweating, or abnormal sleep positions such as hyperextension of neck or abnormal prone position may suggest a sleep-disordered breathing. Night terror, sleepwalking, and enuresis are frequently associated, during slow-wave sleep, with sleep-disordered breathing. Excessive daytime sleepiness becomes apparent in older children, whereas hyperactivity or inattention is usually predominant in younger children. Morning headache and poor appetite may also be present. As the cortical arousal threshold is higher in children, arousals are not easily developed and their sleep architectures are usually more conserved than those of adults. Untreated OSAS in children may result in various problems such as cognitive deficits, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poor academic achievement, and emotional instability. Mild pulmonary hypertension is not uncommon. Rarely, cardiovascular complications such as cor pulmonale, heart failure, and systemic hypertension may develop in untreated cases. Failure to thrive and delayed development are serious problems in younger children with OSAS. Diagnosis of pediatric OSAS should be based on snoring, relevant history of sleep disruption, findings of any narrow or collapsible portions of upper airway, and confirmed by polysomnography. Early diagnosis of pediatric OSAS is critical to prevent complications with appropriate interventions. The Korean Pediatric Society 2010-10 2010-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC3004499/ /pubmed/21189956 http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2010.53.10.863 Text en Copyright © 2010 by The Korean Pediatric Society http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Chang, Sun Jung Chae, Kyu Young Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae |
title | Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae |
title_full | Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae |
title_fullStr | Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae |
title_full_unstemmed | Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae |
title_short | Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae |
title_sort | obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004499/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21189956 http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2010.53.10.863 |
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