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Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice
An enriched environment has previously been described as enhancing natural killer cell activity of recognizing and killing virally infected cells. However, the effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral changes in relation to virus clearance and the neuropathology of encephalitis have not bee...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2011
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019164/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264301 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015597 |
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author | de Sousa, Aline Andrade Reis, Renata Bento-Torres, João Trévia, Nonata Lins, Nara Alves de Almeida Passos, Aline Santos, Zaire Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Vasconcelos, Pedro Fernando da Costa Cunningham, Colm Perry, Victor Hugh Picanço Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley |
author_facet | de Sousa, Aline Andrade Reis, Renata Bento-Torres, João Trévia, Nonata Lins, Nara Alves de Almeida Passos, Aline Santos, Zaire Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Vasconcelos, Pedro Fernando da Costa Cunningham, Colm Perry, Victor Hugh Picanço Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley |
author_sort | de Sousa, Aline Andrade |
collection | PubMed |
description | An enriched environment has previously been described as enhancing natural killer cell activity of recognizing and killing virally infected cells. However, the effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral changes in relation to virus clearance and the neuropathology of encephalitis have not been studied in detail. We tested the hypothesis that environmental enrichment leads to less CNS neuroinvasion and/or more rapid viral clearance in association with T cells without neuronal damage. Stereology-based estimates of activated microglia perineuronal nets and neurons in CA3 were correlated with behavioral changes in the Piry rhabdovirus model of encephalitis in the albino Swiss mouse. Two-month-old female mice maintained in impoverished (IE) or enriched environments (EE) for 3 months were behaviorally tested. After the tests, an equal volume of Piry virus (IEPy, EEPy)-infected or normal brain homogenates were nasally instilled. Eight days post-instillation (dpi), when behavioral changes became apparent, brains were fixed and processed to detect viral antigens, activated microglia, perineuronal nets, and T lymphocytes by immuno- or histochemical reactions. At 20 or 40 dpi, the remaining animals were behaviorally tested and processed for the same markers. In IEPy mice, burrowing activity decreased and recovered earlier (8–10 dpi) than open field (20–40 dpi) but remained unaltered in the EEPy group. EEPy mice presented higher T-cell infiltration, less CNS cell infection by the virus and/or faster virus clearance, less microgliosis, and less damage to the extracellular matrix than IEPy. In both EEPy and IEPy animals, CA3 neuronal number remained unaltered. The results suggest that an enriched environment promotes a more effective immune response to clear CNS virus and not at the cost of CNS damage. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-3019164 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2011 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-30191642011-01-24 Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice de Sousa, Aline Andrade Reis, Renata Bento-Torres, João Trévia, Nonata Lins, Nara Alves de Almeida Passos, Aline Santos, Zaire Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Vasconcelos, Pedro Fernando da Costa Cunningham, Colm Perry, Victor Hugh Picanço Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley PLoS One Research Article An enriched environment has previously been described as enhancing natural killer cell activity of recognizing and killing virally infected cells. However, the effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral changes in relation to virus clearance and the neuropathology of encephalitis have not been studied in detail. We tested the hypothesis that environmental enrichment leads to less CNS neuroinvasion and/or more rapid viral clearance in association with T cells without neuronal damage. Stereology-based estimates of activated microglia perineuronal nets and neurons in CA3 were correlated with behavioral changes in the Piry rhabdovirus model of encephalitis in the albino Swiss mouse. Two-month-old female mice maintained in impoverished (IE) or enriched environments (EE) for 3 months were behaviorally tested. After the tests, an equal volume of Piry virus (IEPy, EEPy)-infected or normal brain homogenates were nasally instilled. Eight days post-instillation (dpi), when behavioral changes became apparent, brains were fixed and processed to detect viral antigens, activated microglia, perineuronal nets, and T lymphocytes by immuno- or histochemical reactions. At 20 or 40 dpi, the remaining animals were behaviorally tested and processed for the same markers. In IEPy mice, burrowing activity decreased and recovered earlier (8–10 dpi) than open field (20–40 dpi) but remained unaltered in the EEPy group. EEPy mice presented higher T-cell infiltration, less CNS cell infection by the virus and/or faster virus clearance, less microgliosis, and less damage to the extracellular matrix than IEPy. In both EEPy and IEPy animals, CA3 neuronal number remained unaltered. The results suggest that an enriched environment promotes a more effective immune response to clear CNS virus and not at the cost of CNS damage. Public Library of Science 2011-01-11 /pmc/articles/PMC3019164/ /pubmed/21264301 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015597 Text en de Sousa et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article de Sousa, Aline Andrade Reis, Renata Bento-Torres, João Trévia, Nonata Lins, Nara Alves de Almeida Passos, Aline Santos, Zaire Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Vasconcelos, Pedro Fernando da Costa Cunningham, Colm Perry, Victor Hugh Picanço Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice |
title | Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice |
title_full | Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice |
title_fullStr | Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice |
title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice |
title_short | Influence of Enriched Environment on Viral Encephalitis Outcomes: Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes in Albino Swiss Mice |
title_sort | influence of enriched environment on viral encephalitis outcomes: behavioral and neuropathological changes in albino swiss mice |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019164/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264301 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015597 |
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