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Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review
Many fishes are ammonotelic but some species can detoxify ammonia to glutamine or urea. Certain fish species can accumulate high levels of ammonia in the brain or defense against ammonia toxicity by enhancing the effectiveness of ammonia excretion through active [Formula: see text] transport, manipu...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Research Foundation
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059970/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423375 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2010.00134 |
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author | Ip, Yuen K. Chew, Shit F. |
author_facet | Ip, Yuen K. Chew, Shit F. |
author_sort | Ip, Yuen K. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Many fishes are ammonotelic but some species can detoxify ammonia to glutamine or urea. Certain fish species can accumulate high levels of ammonia in the brain or defense against ammonia toxicity by enhancing the effectiveness of ammonia excretion through active [Formula: see text] transport, manipulation of ambient pH, or reduction in ammonia permeability through the branchial and cutaneous epithelia. Recent reports on ammonia toxicity in mammalian brain reveal the importance of permeation of ammonia through the blood–brain barrier and passages of ammonia and water through transporters in the plasmalemma of brain cells. Additionally, brain ammonia toxicity could be related to the passage of glutamine through the mitochondrial membranes into the mitochondrial matrix. On the other hand, recent reports on ammonia excretion in fish confirm the involvement of Rhesus glycoproteins in the branchial and cutaneous epithelia. Therefore, this review focuses on both the earlier literature and the up-to-date information on the problems and mechanisms concerning the permeation of ammonia, as NH(3), [Formula: see text] or proton-neutral nitrogenous compounds, across mitochondrial membranes, the blood–brain barrier, the plasmalemma of neurons, and the branchial and cutaneous epithelia of fish. It also addresses how certain fishes with high ammonia tolerance defend against ammonia toxicity through the regulation of the permeation of ammonia and related nitrogenous compounds through various types of membranes. It is hoped that this review would revive the interests in investigations on the passage of ammonia through the mitochondrial membranes and the blood–brain barrier of ammonotelic fishes and fishes with high brain ammonia tolerance, respectively. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-3059970 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | Frontiers Research Foundation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-30599702011-03-21 Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review Ip, Yuen K. Chew, Shit F. Front Physiol Physiology Many fishes are ammonotelic but some species can detoxify ammonia to glutamine or urea. Certain fish species can accumulate high levels of ammonia in the brain or defense against ammonia toxicity by enhancing the effectiveness of ammonia excretion through active [Formula: see text] transport, manipulation of ambient pH, or reduction in ammonia permeability through the branchial and cutaneous epithelia. Recent reports on ammonia toxicity in mammalian brain reveal the importance of permeation of ammonia through the blood–brain barrier and passages of ammonia and water through transporters in the plasmalemma of brain cells. Additionally, brain ammonia toxicity could be related to the passage of glutamine through the mitochondrial membranes into the mitochondrial matrix. On the other hand, recent reports on ammonia excretion in fish confirm the involvement of Rhesus glycoproteins in the branchial and cutaneous epithelia. Therefore, this review focuses on both the earlier literature and the up-to-date information on the problems and mechanisms concerning the permeation of ammonia, as NH(3), [Formula: see text] or proton-neutral nitrogenous compounds, across mitochondrial membranes, the blood–brain barrier, the plasmalemma of neurons, and the branchial and cutaneous epithelia of fish. It also addresses how certain fishes with high ammonia tolerance defend against ammonia toxicity through the regulation of the permeation of ammonia and related nitrogenous compounds through various types of membranes. It is hoped that this review would revive the interests in investigations on the passage of ammonia through the mitochondrial membranes and the blood–brain barrier of ammonotelic fishes and fishes with high brain ammonia tolerance, respectively. Frontiers Research Foundation 2010-10-04 /pmc/articles/PMC3059970/ /pubmed/21423375 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2010.00134 Text en Copyright © 2010 Ip and Chew. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Ip, Yuen K. Chew, Shit F. Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review |
title | Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review |
title_full | Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review |
title_fullStr | Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review |
title_short | Ammonia Production, Excretion, Toxicity, and Defense in Fish: A Review |
title_sort | ammonia production, excretion, toxicity, and defense in fish: a review |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059970/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423375 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2010.00134 |
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