1α,25(OH)(2)-3-Epi-Vitamin D(3), a Natural Physiological Metabolite of Vitamin D(3): Its Synthesis, Biological Activity and Crystal Structure with Its Receptor

BACKGROUND: The 1α,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin-D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)-3-epi-D(3)), a natural metabolite of the seco-steroid vitamin D(3), exerts its biological activity through binding to its cognate vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR), a ligand dependent transcription regulator. In vivo action of 1α,25(OH)(2)-3-epi-D(3) is tissue-specific and exhibits lowest calcemic effect compared to that induced by 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3). To further unveil the structural mechanism and structure-activity relationships of 1α,25(OH)(2)-3-epi-D(3) and its receptor complex, we characterized some of its in vitro biological properties and solved its crystal structure complexed with human VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the present study, we report the more effective synthesis with fewer steps that provides higher yield of the 3-epimer of the 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3). We solved the crystal structure of its complex with the human VDR-LBD and found that this natural metabolite displays specific adaptation of the ligand-binding pocket, as the 3-epimer maintains the number of hydrogen bonds by an alternative water-mediated interaction to compensate the abolished interaction with Ser278. In addition, the biological activity of the 1α,25(OH)(2)-3-epi-D(3) in primary human keratinocytes and biochemical properties are comparable to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The physiological role of this pathway as the specific biological action of the 3-epimer remains unclear. However, its high metabolic stability together with its significant biologic activity makes this natural metabolite an interesting ligand for clinical applications. Our new findings contribute to a better understanding at molecular level how natural metabolites of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) lead to significant activity in biological systems and we conclude that the C3-epimerization pathway produces an active metabolite with similar biochemical and biological properties to those of the 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3).