Circulating herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1)-specific CD8(+ )T cells do not access HSV-1 latently infected trigeminal ganglia

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic vaccines can be designed to enhance existing T cell memory populations for increased protection against re-infection. In the case of herpes simplex virus type 1, recurrent disease results from reactivation of latent virus in sensory ganglia, which is controlled in part by a ganglia-resident HSV-specific memory CD8(+ )T cell population. Thus, an important goal of a therapeutic HSV-1 vaccine would be to enhance this population. METHODS: HSV-1-infected mice were treated with TAK-779 to block CCR5- and CXCR3-mediated CD8(+ )T cell migration during both acute and latent infections. Additionally, HSV-1-specific CD8(+ )T cells were transferred into HSV-1 latently infected mice to mimic the effect of a therapeutic vaccine, and their migration into trigeminal ganglia (TG) was traced during steady-state latency, or during recovery of the TG-resident memory CD8(+ )T cell population following stress-, and corticosterone-induced depletion and HSV-1 reactivation from latency. Bromodeoxy uridine (BrdU) incorporation measured cell proliferation in vivo. RESULTS: TAK-779 treatment during acute HSV-1 infection reduced the number of infiltrating CD8(+ )T cells but did not alter the number of viral genome copies. TAK-779 treatment during HSV latency did not affect the size of the TG-resident memory CD8(+ )T cell population. Transferred HSV-specific CD8(+ )T cells failed to access latently infected TG during steady-state latency, or during recovery of the TG resident HSV-specific CD8(+ )T cell population following exposure of latently infected mice to stress and corticosterone. Recovery of the HSV-specific CD8(+ )T cell population after stress and corticosterone treatment occurred with homeostatic levels of cell division and did not require CD4(+ )T cell help. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with the notion that the CD8(+ )T cells in latently infected TG are a tissue-resident memory (Trm) population that is maintained without replenishment from the periphery, and that when this population is disrupted, it recovers without proliferation or detectable recruitment of HSV-specific CD8(+ )T cells from the blood. The compartmentalization of the HSV-specific CD8(+ )memory T cell population in latently infected TG will complicate the design of therapeutic vaccines.