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Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues

Contact x-ray microradiography is the current gold standard for measuring mineral densities of partially demineralized tooth specimens. The x-ray sensitive film specified in the last J Res NIST publication on the subject is no longer commercially available. OBJECTIVES: Develop a new microradiographi...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Schmuck, B. D., Carey, C. M.
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: [Gaithersburg, MD] : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2010
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086209/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546983
http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.115.006
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author Schmuck, B. D.
Carey, C. M.
author_facet Schmuck, B. D.
Carey, C. M.
author_sort Schmuck, B. D.
collection PubMed
description Contact x-ray microradiography is the current gold standard for measuring mineral densities of partially demineralized tooth specimens. The x-ray sensitive film specified in the last J Res NIST publication on the subject is no longer commercially available. OBJECTIVES: Develop a new microradiographic method by identifying a commercially available film with greater than 3000 lines per millimeter resolution, which is sensitive to x rays, and develop correct film processing for x-ray microradiographic application. METHODS: A holographic film was identified as a potential replacement film. Proper exposure was determined utilizing a thick nickel plate to create test-strips. Film development was bracketed around manufacturer suggestions. Film linearity was determined with aluminum step-wedges. Microradiographs of 100 μm thick tooth sections, before and after acidic challenges, were a final test for film. Magnified images were captured with a digital microscope camera with 0.305 micrometers per pixel resolution. RESULTS: The appropriate film exposure was 30 min at 80 kV(p) and 3 mA with a development time of 2 min. Step-wedge experiments show the system to be linear in terms of pixel intensities with respect to x-ray attenuation for normalized pixel intensity values that are 10 % to 90 % offull scale (r(2) = 0.997) which encompasses the full exposure region of tooth tissue. Enamel sections were analyzed and show distinctive differences between erosion and demineralization. The image capture device resolution of 0.305 micrometers per pixel limits the system resolution. CONCLUSION: Use of the identified holographic film when combined with the described processing modifications has resulted in an improved x-ray microradiographic method for the measurement of mineral density of dental hard tissues. The method described can be further improved by using a higher resolution digitization system. The method is appropriate for quantitatively measuring changes in mineral density and erosion. Supported by R01DE14707, NIST, and ADAF.
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spelling pubmed-30862092011-05-03 Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues Schmuck, B. D. Carey, C. M. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol Article Contact x-ray microradiography is the current gold standard for measuring mineral densities of partially demineralized tooth specimens. The x-ray sensitive film specified in the last J Res NIST publication on the subject is no longer commercially available. OBJECTIVES: Develop a new microradiographic method by identifying a commercially available film with greater than 3000 lines per millimeter resolution, which is sensitive to x rays, and develop correct film processing for x-ray microradiographic application. METHODS: A holographic film was identified as a potential replacement film. Proper exposure was determined utilizing a thick nickel plate to create test-strips. Film development was bracketed around manufacturer suggestions. Film linearity was determined with aluminum step-wedges. Microradiographs of 100 μm thick tooth sections, before and after acidic challenges, were a final test for film. Magnified images were captured with a digital microscope camera with 0.305 micrometers per pixel resolution. RESULTS: The appropriate film exposure was 30 min at 80 kV(p) and 3 mA with a development time of 2 min. Step-wedge experiments show the system to be linear in terms of pixel intensities with respect to x-ray attenuation for normalized pixel intensity values that are 10 % to 90 % offull scale (r(2) = 0.997) which encompasses the full exposure region of tooth tissue. Enamel sections were analyzed and show distinctive differences between erosion and demineralization. The image capture device resolution of 0.305 micrometers per pixel limits the system resolution. CONCLUSION: Use of the identified holographic film when combined with the described processing modifications has resulted in an improved x-ray microradiographic method for the measurement of mineral density of dental hard tissues. The method described can be further improved by using a higher resolution digitization system. The method is appropriate for quantitatively measuring changes in mineral density and erosion. Supported by R01DE14707, NIST, and ADAF. [Gaithersburg, MD] : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2010 2010-04-01 /pmc/articles/PMC3086209/ /pubmed/21546983 http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.115.006 Text en https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ The Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is a publication of the U.S. Government. The papers are in the public domain and are not subject to copyright in the United States. Articles from J Res may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright.
spellingShingle Article
Schmuck, B. D.
Carey, C. M.
Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues
title Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues
title_full Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues
title_fullStr Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues
title_full_unstemmed Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues
title_short Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues
title_sort improved contact x-ray microradiographic method to measure mineral density of hard dental tissues
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086209/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546983
http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.115.006
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