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The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes
BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that genomes contain a mixture of transposable elements, some of which are still active and others ancient relics that have degenerated. This is true for the non-LTR retrotransposon Helena, of which only degenerate sequences have been shown to be present in som...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2009
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087515/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624823 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-174 |
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author | Granzotto, Adriana Lopes, Fabrício R Lerat, Emmanuelle Vieira, Cristina Carareto, Claudia MA |
author_facet | Granzotto, Adriana Lopes, Fabrício R Lerat, Emmanuelle Vieira, Cristina Carareto, Claudia MA |
author_sort | Granzotto, Adriana |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that genomes contain a mixture of transposable elements, some of which are still active and others ancient relics that have degenerated. This is true for the non-LTR retrotransposon Helena, of which only degenerate sequences have been shown to be present in some species (Drosophila melanogaster), whereas putatively active sequences are present in others (D. simulans). Combining experimental and population analyses with the sequence analysis of the 12 Drosophila genomes, we have investigated the evolution of Helena, and propose a possible scenario for the evolution of this element. RESULTS: We show that six species of Drosophila have the Helena transposable element at different stages of its evolution. The copy number is highly variable among these species, but most of them are truncated at the 5' ends and also harbor several internal deletions and insertions suggesting that they are inactive in all species, except in D. mojavensis in which quantitative RT-PCR experiments have identified a putative active copy. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that Helena was present in the common ancestor of the Drosophila genus, which has been vertically transmitted to the derived lineages, but that it has been lost in some of them. The wide variation in copy number and sequence degeneration in the different species suggest that the evolutionary dynamics of Helena depends on the genomic environment of the host species. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-3087515 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2009 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-30875152011-05-05 The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes Granzotto, Adriana Lopes, Fabrício R Lerat, Emmanuelle Vieira, Cristina Carareto, Claudia MA BMC Evol Biol Research Article BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that genomes contain a mixture of transposable elements, some of which are still active and others ancient relics that have degenerated. This is true for the non-LTR retrotransposon Helena, of which only degenerate sequences have been shown to be present in some species (Drosophila melanogaster), whereas putatively active sequences are present in others (D. simulans). Combining experimental and population analyses with the sequence analysis of the 12 Drosophila genomes, we have investigated the evolution of Helena, and propose a possible scenario for the evolution of this element. RESULTS: We show that six species of Drosophila have the Helena transposable element at different stages of its evolution. The copy number is highly variable among these species, but most of them are truncated at the 5' ends and also harbor several internal deletions and insertions suggesting that they are inactive in all species, except in D. mojavensis in which quantitative RT-PCR experiments have identified a putative active copy. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that Helena was present in the common ancestor of the Drosophila genus, which has been vertically transmitted to the derived lineages, but that it has been lost in some of them. The wide variation in copy number and sequence degeneration in the different species suggest that the evolutionary dynamics of Helena depends on the genomic environment of the host species. BioMed Central 2009-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC3087515/ /pubmed/19624823 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-174 Text en Copyright ©2009 Granzotto et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Granzotto, Adriana Lopes, Fabrício R Lerat, Emmanuelle Vieira, Cristina Carareto, Claudia MA The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes |
title | The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes |
title_full | The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes |
title_fullStr | The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes |
title_full_unstemmed | The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes |
title_short | The evolutionary dynamics of the Helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced Drosophila genomes |
title_sort | evolutionary dynamics of the helena retrotransposon revealed by sequenced drosophila genomes |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087515/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624823 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-174 |
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