Influence of Zr on structure, mechanical and thermal properties of Ti–Al–N

Multinary Ti–Al–N thin films are used for various applications where hard, wear and oxidation resistant materials are needed. Here, we study the effect of Zr addition on structure, mechanical and thermal properties of Ti(1-x)Al(x)N based coatings under the guidance of ab initio calculations. The preparation of Ti(1-x-z)Al(x)Zr(z)N by magnetron sputtering verifies the suggested cubic (NaCl-type) structure for x below 0.6–0.7 and z ≤ 0.4. Increasing the Zr content from z = 0 to 0.17, while keeping x at ~ 0.5, results in a hardness increase from ~ 33 to 37 GPa, and a lattice parameter increase from 4.18 to 4.29 Å. The latter are in excellent agreement with ab initio data. Alloying with Zr also promotes the formation of cubic domains but retards the formation of stable wurtzite AlN during thermal annealing. This leads to high hardness values of ~ 40 GPa over a broad temperature range of 700–1100 °C for Ti(0.40)Al(0.55)Zr(0.05)N. Furthermore, Zr assists the formation of a dense oxide scale. After 20 h exposure in air at 950 °C, where Ti(0.48)Al(0.52)N is already completely oxidized, only a ~ 1 μm thin oxide scale is formed on top of the otherwise still intact ~ 2.5 μm thin film Ti(0.40)Al(0.55)Zr(0.05)N.