Identification of the Chemokine CX(3)CL1 as a New Regulator of Malignant Cell Proliferation in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the molecules that contribute to the growth of epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC), which remain the most lethal gynecological cancer in women. The chemokine Fractalkine/CX(3)CL1 has been widely reported to play a biologically relevant role in tumor growth and spread. We report here the first investigation of the expression and role of CX(3)CL1 in EOC. RESULTS: Epithelial cells from the surface of the ovary and the Fallopian tubes and from benign, borderline and malignant tumors all stained positive for CX(3)CL1. In tumor specimens from 54 women who underwent surgical treatment for EOC diagnosis, CX(3)CL1 immunoreactivity was unevenly distributed in epithelial tumor cells, and ranged from strong (33%) to absent (17%). This uneven distribution of CX(3)CL1 did not reflect the morphological heterogeneity of EOC. It was positively correlated with the proliferation index Ki-67 and with GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper), previously identified as an activator of the proliferation of malignant EOC cells. Hierarchical clustering analysis, including age at diagnosis, tumor grade, FIGO stage, Ki-67 index, CX(3)CL1, SDF-1/CXCL12 and GILZ immunostaining scores, distinguished two major clusters corresponding to low and high levels of proliferation and differing in terms of GILZ and CX(3)CL1 expression. GILZ overexpression in the carcinoma-derived BG1 cell line resulted in parallel changes in CX(3)CL1 products. Conversely, CX(3)CL1 promoted through its binding to CX(3)CR1 AKT activation and proliferation in BG1 cells. In a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model, the overexpression of GILZ was associated with higher expression of CX(3)CL1 and faster tumor growth. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the previously unappreciated constitutive expression of CX(3)CL1 preceding tumorigenesis in ovarian epithelial cells. Together with GILZ, this chemokine emerges as a regulator of cell proliferation, which may be of potential clinical relevance for the selection of the most appropriate treatment for EOC patients.