Socioeconomic status and weight gain in early infancy

CONTEXT: The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and childhood obesity foreshadows life-long inequalities in health. Insight into the causal mechanisms linking childhood adversity to long-term health could be provided by discovering when the negative SES gradient in weight emerges, and what early life experiences are associated with it. OBJECTIVE: To examine SES differences in infant weight gain in the first three months of life, and assess contributions of parental BMI, maternal smoking, and feeding method to this association. DESIGN: Observational study using longitudinal weight data from 2402 families taking part in the Gemini study; a twin birth cohort recruited from all twin births between March and December 2007 in England and Wales. OUTCOME MEASURES: Infant weights at birth and three months converted to standard deviation scores (SDS), change in weight SDS, and rapid growth. SES was indexed by occupation and maternal education. RESULTS: There were no SES differences in birth weight, but lower SES was associated with higher three-month weight, greater change in weight, and a higher prevalence of rapid growth (all p<0.01); with graded associations across levels of SES. Including parental overweight or smoking in pregnancy in the regression model did not affect the association between SES and weight gain, but including feeding method attenuated the SES effect on weight gain by at least 62% and rendered it non-significant. CONCLUSION: The foundations for lifelong socioeconomic inequalities in obesity risk may be laid in early infancy, with infant feeding practices playing a part in the diverging weight trajectories.