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Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland
BACKGROUND: Social isolation and living alone are increasingly common in industrialised countries. However, few studies have investigated the potential public health implications of this trend. We estimated the relative risk of death from alcohol-related causes among individuals living alone and det...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2011
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176753/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949642 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001094 |
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author | Herttua, Kimmo Martikainen, Pekka Vahtera, Jussi Kivimäki, Mika |
author_facet | Herttua, Kimmo Martikainen, Pekka Vahtera, Jussi Kivimäki, Mika |
author_sort | Herttua, Kimmo |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Social isolation and living alone are increasingly common in industrialised countries. However, few studies have investigated the potential public health implications of this trend. We estimated the relative risk of death from alcohol-related causes among individuals living alone and determined whether this risk changed after a large reduction in alcohol prices. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a population-based natural experimental study of a change in the price of alcohol that occurred because of new laws enacted in Finland in January and March of 2004, utilising national registers. The data are based on an 11% sample of the Finnish population aged 15–79 y supplemented with an oversample of deaths. The oversample covered 80% of all deaths during the periods January 1, 2000–December 31, 2003 (the four years immediately before the price reduction of alcohol), and January 1, 2004–December 31, 2007 (the four years immediately after the price reduction). Alcohol-related mortality was defined using both underlying and contributory causes of death. During the 8-y follow-up about 18,200 persons died due to alcohol-related causes. Among married or cohabiting people the increase in alcohol-related mortality was small or non-existing between the periods 2000–2003 and 2004–2007, whereas for those living alone, this increase was substantial, especially in men and women aged 50–69 y. For liver disease in men, the most common fatal alcohol-related disease, the age-adjusted risk ratio associated with living alone was 3.7 (95% confidence interval 3.3, 4.1) before and 4.9 (95% CI 4.4, 5.4) after the price reduction (p<0.001 for difference in risk ratios). In women, the corresponding risk ratios were 1.7 (95% CI 1.4, 2.1) and 2.4 (95% CI 2.0, 2.9), respectively (p ≤ 0.01). Living alone was also associated with other mortality from alcohol-related diseases (range of risk ratios 2.3 to 8.0) as well as deaths from accidents and violence with alcohol as a contributing cause (risk ratios between 2.1 and 4.7), both before and after the price reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Living alone is associated with a substantially increased risk of alcohol-related mortality, irrespective of gender, socioeconomic status, or the specific cause of death. The greater availability of alcohol in Finland after legislation-instituted price reductions in the first three months of 2004 increased in particular the relative excess in fatal liver disease among individuals living alone. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3176753 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2011 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-31767532011-09-26 Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland Herttua, Kimmo Martikainen, Pekka Vahtera, Jussi Kivimäki, Mika PLoS Med Research Article BACKGROUND: Social isolation and living alone are increasingly common in industrialised countries. However, few studies have investigated the potential public health implications of this trend. We estimated the relative risk of death from alcohol-related causes among individuals living alone and determined whether this risk changed after a large reduction in alcohol prices. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a population-based natural experimental study of a change in the price of alcohol that occurred because of new laws enacted in Finland in January and March of 2004, utilising national registers. The data are based on an 11% sample of the Finnish population aged 15–79 y supplemented with an oversample of deaths. The oversample covered 80% of all deaths during the periods January 1, 2000–December 31, 2003 (the four years immediately before the price reduction of alcohol), and January 1, 2004–December 31, 2007 (the four years immediately after the price reduction). Alcohol-related mortality was defined using both underlying and contributory causes of death. During the 8-y follow-up about 18,200 persons died due to alcohol-related causes. Among married or cohabiting people the increase in alcohol-related mortality was small or non-existing between the periods 2000–2003 and 2004–2007, whereas for those living alone, this increase was substantial, especially in men and women aged 50–69 y. For liver disease in men, the most common fatal alcohol-related disease, the age-adjusted risk ratio associated with living alone was 3.7 (95% confidence interval 3.3, 4.1) before and 4.9 (95% CI 4.4, 5.4) after the price reduction (p<0.001 for difference in risk ratios). In women, the corresponding risk ratios were 1.7 (95% CI 1.4, 2.1) and 2.4 (95% CI 2.0, 2.9), respectively (p ≤ 0.01). Living alone was also associated with other mortality from alcohol-related diseases (range of risk ratios 2.3 to 8.0) as well as deaths from accidents and violence with alcohol as a contributing cause (risk ratios between 2.1 and 4.7), both before and after the price reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Living alone is associated with a substantially increased risk of alcohol-related mortality, irrespective of gender, socioeconomic status, or the specific cause of death. The greater availability of alcohol in Finland after legislation-instituted price reductions in the first three months of 2004 increased in particular the relative excess in fatal liver disease among individuals living alone. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary Public Library of Science 2011-09-20 /pmc/articles/PMC3176753/ /pubmed/21949642 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001094 Text en Herttua et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Herttua, Kimmo Martikainen, Pekka Vahtera, Jussi Kivimäki, Mika Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland |
title | Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland |
title_full | Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland |
title_fullStr | Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland |
title_full_unstemmed | Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland |
title_short | Living Alone and Alcohol-Related Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Finland |
title_sort | living alone and alcohol-related mortality: a population-based cohort study from finland |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176753/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949642 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001094 |
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