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Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity
The close correspondence between energy intake and expenditure over prolonged time periods, coupled with an apparent protection of the level of body adiposity in the face of perturbations of energy balance, has led to the idea that body fatness is regulated via mechanisms that control intake and ene...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Company of Biologists Limited
2011
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3209643/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065844 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.008698 |
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author | Speakman, John R. Levitsky, David A. Allison, David B. Bray, Molly S. de Castro, John M. Clegg, Deborah J. Clapham, John C. Dulloo, Abdul G. Gruer, Laurence Haw, Sally Hebebrand, Johannes Hetherington, Marion M. Higgs, Susanne Jebb, Susan A. Loos, Ruth J. F. Luckman, Simon Luke, Amy Mohammed-Ali, Vidya O’Rahilly, Stephen Pereira, Mark Perusse, Louis Robinson, Tom N. Rolls, Barbara Symonds, Michael E. Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S. |
author_facet | Speakman, John R. Levitsky, David A. Allison, David B. Bray, Molly S. de Castro, John M. Clegg, Deborah J. Clapham, John C. Dulloo, Abdul G. Gruer, Laurence Haw, Sally Hebebrand, Johannes Hetherington, Marion M. Higgs, Susanne Jebb, Susan A. Loos, Ruth J. F. Luckman, Simon Luke, Amy Mohammed-Ali, Vidya O’Rahilly, Stephen Pereira, Mark Perusse, Louis Robinson, Tom N. Rolls, Barbara Symonds, Michael E. Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S. |
author_sort | Speakman, John R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The close correspondence between energy intake and expenditure over prolonged time periods, coupled with an apparent protection of the level of body adiposity in the face of perturbations of energy balance, has led to the idea that body fatness is regulated via mechanisms that control intake and energy expenditure. Two models have dominated the discussion of how this regulation might take place. The set point model is rooted in physiology, genetics and molecular biology, and suggests that there is an active feedback mechanism linking adipose tissue (stored energy) to intake and expenditure via a set point, presumably encoded in the brain. This model is consistent with many of the biological aspects of energy balance, but struggles to explain the many significant environmental and social influences on obesity, food intake and physical activity. More importantly, the set point model does not effectively explain the ‘obesity epidemic’ – the large increase in body weight and adiposity of a large proportion of individuals in many countries since the 1980s. An alternative model, called the settling point model, is based on the idea that there is passive feedback between the size of the body stores and aspects of expenditure. This model accommodates many of the social and environmental characteristics of energy balance, but struggles to explain some of the biological and genetic aspects. The shortcomings of these two models reflect their failure to address the gene-by-environment interactions that dominate the regulation of body weight. We discuss two additional models – the general intake model and the dual intervention point model – that address this issue and might offer better ways to understand how body fatness is controlled. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3209643 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2011 |
publisher | The Company of Biologists Limited |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-32096432011-11-10 Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity Speakman, John R. Levitsky, David A. Allison, David B. Bray, Molly S. de Castro, John M. Clegg, Deborah J. Clapham, John C. Dulloo, Abdul G. Gruer, Laurence Haw, Sally Hebebrand, Johannes Hetherington, Marion M. Higgs, Susanne Jebb, Susan A. Loos, Ruth J. F. Luckman, Simon Luke, Amy Mohammed-Ali, Vidya O’Rahilly, Stephen Pereira, Mark Perusse, Louis Robinson, Tom N. Rolls, Barbara Symonds, Michael E. Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S. Dis Model Mech Special Article The close correspondence between energy intake and expenditure over prolonged time periods, coupled with an apparent protection of the level of body adiposity in the face of perturbations of energy balance, has led to the idea that body fatness is regulated via mechanisms that control intake and energy expenditure. Two models have dominated the discussion of how this regulation might take place. The set point model is rooted in physiology, genetics and molecular biology, and suggests that there is an active feedback mechanism linking adipose tissue (stored energy) to intake and expenditure via a set point, presumably encoded in the brain. This model is consistent with many of the biological aspects of energy balance, but struggles to explain the many significant environmental and social influences on obesity, food intake and physical activity. More importantly, the set point model does not effectively explain the ‘obesity epidemic’ – the large increase in body weight and adiposity of a large proportion of individuals in many countries since the 1980s. An alternative model, called the settling point model, is based on the idea that there is passive feedback between the size of the body stores and aspects of expenditure. This model accommodates many of the social and environmental characteristics of energy balance, but struggles to explain some of the biological and genetic aspects. The shortcomings of these two models reflect their failure to address the gene-by-environment interactions that dominate the regulation of body weight. We discuss two additional models – the general intake model and the dual intervention point model – that address this issue and might offer better ways to understand how body fatness is controlled. The Company of Biologists Limited 2011-11 /pmc/articles/PMC3209643/ /pubmed/22065844 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.008698 Text en © 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly cited and all further distributions of the work or adaptation are subject to the same Creative Commons License terms. |
spellingShingle | Special Article Speakman, John R. Levitsky, David A. Allison, David B. Bray, Molly S. de Castro, John M. Clegg, Deborah J. Clapham, John C. Dulloo, Abdul G. Gruer, Laurence Haw, Sally Hebebrand, Johannes Hetherington, Marion M. Higgs, Susanne Jebb, Susan A. Loos, Ruth J. F. Luckman, Simon Luke, Amy Mohammed-Ali, Vidya O’Rahilly, Stephen Pereira, Mark Perusse, Louis Robinson, Tom N. Rolls, Barbara Symonds, Michael E. Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S. Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity |
title | Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity |
title_full | Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity |
title_fullStr | Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity |
title_full_unstemmed | Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity |
title_short | Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity |
title_sort | set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity |
topic | Special Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3209643/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065844 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.008698 |
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