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Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley
Background: Research on drinking water in the United States has rarely examined disproportionate exposures to contaminants faced by low-income and minority communities. This study analyzes the relationship between nitrate concentrations in community water systems (CWSs) and the racial/ethnic and soc...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
2011
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230390/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642046 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002878 |
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author | Balazs, Carolina Morello-Frosch, Rachel Hubbard, Alan Ray, Isha |
author_facet | Balazs, Carolina Morello-Frosch, Rachel Hubbard, Alan Ray, Isha |
author_sort | Balazs, Carolina |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Research on drinking water in the United States has rarely examined disproportionate exposures to contaminants faced by low-income and minority communities. This study analyzes the relationship between nitrate concentrations in community water systems (CWSs) and the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic characteristics of customers. Objectives: We hypothesized that CWSs in California’s San Joaquin Valley that serve a higher proportion of minority or residents of lower socioeconomic status have higher nitrate levels and that these disparities are greater among smaller drinking water systems. Methods: We used water quality monitoring data sets (1999–2001) to estimate nitrate levels in CWSs, and source location and census block group data to estimate customer demographics. Our linear regression model included 327 CWSs and reported robust standard errors clustered at the CWS level. Our adjusted model controlled for demographics and water system characteristics and stratified by CWS size. Results: Percent Latino was associated with a 0.04-mg nitrate-ion (NO(3))/L increase in a CWS’s estimated NO(3) concentration [95% confidence interval (CI), –0.08 to 0.16], and rate of home ownership was associated with a 0.16-mg NO(3)/L decrease (95% CI, –0.32 to 0.002). Among smaller systems, the percentage of Latinos and of homeownership was associated with an estimated increase of 0.44 mg NO(3)/L (95% CI, 0.03–0.84) and a decrease of 0.15 mg NO(3)/L (95% CI, –0.64 to 0.33), respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in smaller water systems, CWSs serving larger percentages of Latinos and renters receive drinking water with higher nitrate levels. This suggests an environmental inequity in drinking water quality. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3230390 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2011 |
publisher | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-32303902011-12-14 Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley Balazs, Carolina Morello-Frosch, Rachel Hubbard, Alan Ray, Isha Environ Health Perspect Research Background: Research on drinking water in the United States has rarely examined disproportionate exposures to contaminants faced by low-income and minority communities. This study analyzes the relationship between nitrate concentrations in community water systems (CWSs) and the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic characteristics of customers. Objectives: We hypothesized that CWSs in California’s San Joaquin Valley that serve a higher proportion of minority or residents of lower socioeconomic status have higher nitrate levels and that these disparities are greater among smaller drinking water systems. Methods: We used water quality monitoring data sets (1999–2001) to estimate nitrate levels in CWSs, and source location and census block group data to estimate customer demographics. Our linear regression model included 327 CWSs and reported robust standard errors clustered at the CWS level. Our adjusted model controlled for demographics and water system characteristics and stratified by CWS size. Results: Percent Latino was associated with a 0.04-mg nitrate-ion (NO(3))/L increase in a CWS’s estimated NO(3) concentration [95% confidence interval (CI), –0.08 to 0.16], and rate of home ownership was associated with a 0.16-mg NO(3)/L decrease (95% CI, –0.32 to 0.002). Among smaller systems, the percentage of Latinos and of homeownership was associated with an estimated increase of 0.44 mg NO(3)/L (95% CI, 0.03–0.84) and a decrease of 0.15 mg NO(3)/L (95% CI, –0.64 to 0.33), respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in smaller water systems, CWSs serving larger percentages of Latinos and renters receive drinking water with higher nitrate levels. This suggests an environmental inequity in drinking water quality. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2011-06-03 2011-09 /pmc/articles/PMC3230390/ /pubmed/21642046 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002878 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. |
spellingShingle | Research Balazs, Carolina Morello-Frosch, Rachel Hubbard, Alan Ray, Isha Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley |
title | Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley |
title_full | Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley |
title_fullStr | Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley |
title_full_unstemmed | Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley |
title_short | Social Disparities in Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in California’s San Joaquin Valley |
title_sort | social disparities in nitrate-contaminated drinking water in california’s san joaquin valley |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230390/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642046 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002878 |
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