The biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp strain affects the pathogenesis‐related gene expression of the take‐all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on wheat roots

The main effects of antagonistic rhizobacteria on plant pathogenic fungi are antibiosis, fungistasis or an indirect constraint through the induction of a plant defence response. To explore different biocontrol mechanisms, an in vitro confrontation assay was conducted with the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp as a biocontrol agent of the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat roots. In parallel with the assessment of disease extension, together with the bacterial and fungal root colonization rates, the transcript levels of candidate fungal pathogenicity and plant‐induced genes were monitored during the 10‐day infection process. The bacterial inoculation of wheat roots with the Pf29Arp strain reduced the development of Ggt‐induced disease expressed as attack frequency and necrosis length. The growth rates of Ggt and Pf29Arp, monitored through quantitative polymerase chain reaction of DNA amounts with a part of the Ggt 18S rDNA gene and a specific Pf29Arp strain detection probe, respectively, increased throughout the interactions. Bacterial antagonism and colonization had no significant effect on root colonization by Ggt. The expression of fungal and plant genes was quantified in planta by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction during the interactions thanks to the design of specific primers and an innovative universal reference system. During the early stages of the tripartite interaction, several of the fungal genes assayed were down‐regulated by Pf29Arp, including two laccases, a β‐1,3‐exoglucanase and a mitogen‐activated protein kinase. The plant host glutathione‐S‐transferase gene was induced by Ggt alone and up‐regulated by Pf29Arp bacteria in interaction with the pathogen. We conclude that Pf29Arp antagonism acts through the alteration of fungal pathogenesis and probably through the activation of host defences.