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Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy
In this paper, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of microscopic imaging are overviewed with a perspective on origins. From Alhazen’s camera obscura, to Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek’s two-dimensional optical micrography, and on to three- and four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy, these...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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The Royal Society Publishing
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263811/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123754 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0265 |
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author | Zewail, Ahmed H. |
author_facet | Zewail, Ahmed H. |
author_sort | Zewail, Ahmed H. |
collection | PubMed |
description | In this paper, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of microscopic imaging are overviewed with a perspective on origins. From Alhazen’s camera obscura, to Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek’s two-dimensional optical micrography, and on to three- and four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy, these developments over a millennium have transformed humans’ scope of visualization. The changes in the length and time scales involved are unimaginable, beginning with the visible shadows of candles at the centimetre and second scales, and ending with invisible atoms with space and time dimensions of sub-nanometre and femtosecond. With these advances it has become possible to determine the structures of matter and to observe their elementary dynamics as they unfold in real time. Such observations provide the means for visualizing materials behaviour and biological function, with the aim of understanding emergent phenomena in complex systems. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3263811 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | The Royal Society Publishing |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-32638112012-01-24 Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy Zewail, Ahmed H. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci Articles In this paper, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of microscopic imaging are overviewed with a perspective on origins. From Alhazen’s camera obscura, to Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek’s two-dimensional optical micrography, and on to three- and four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy, these developments over a millennium have transformed humans’ scope of visualization. The changes in the length and time scales involved are unimaginable, beginning with the visible shadows of candles at the centimetre and second scales, and ending with invisible atoms with space and time dimensions of sub-nanometre and femtosecond. With these advances it has become possible to determine the structures of matter and to observe their elementary dynamics as they unfold in real time. Such observations provide the means for visualizing materials behaviour and biological function, with the aim of understanding emergent phenomena in complex systems. The Royal Society Publishing 2010-03-13 /pmc/articles/PMC3263811/ /pubmed/20123754 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0265 Text en © 2010 The Royal Society http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Articles Zewail, Ahmed H. Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy |
title | Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy |
title_full | Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy |
title_fullStr | Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy |
title_full_unstemmed | Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy |
title_short | Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy |
title_sort | micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4d microscopy |
topic | Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263811/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123754 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0265 |
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