Inferring Causation from Cross-Sectional Data: Examination of the Causal Relationship between Hyperactivity–Impulsivity and Novelty Seeking

Previous research suggests an association between hyperactivity–impulsivity – one of the two behavioral dimensions that form attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – and the temperament characteristic of novelty seeking. We aimed to examine etiological links underlying the co-occurrence between these behaviors using a general population sample of 668 twin pairs, ages 7–10, for whom we obtained parent ratings in middle childhood; and pilot longitudinal data on 76 children. Structural equation modeling confirmed a shared genetic etiology (genetic correlation, r(D) = 0.81; 95% confidence intervals = 0.34–1.00) and showed that much (64%) of the covariation can be accounted for by shared genetic effects. In addition, causal paths were modeled between the two behaviors; 12% of the variance in novelty seeking at age 7 was accounted for by hyperactive–impulsive behaviors at the same age. The causal effects model fits with the current characterization of hyperactive–impulsive behaviors reflecting a heightened need for stimulation. This has important implications for the management of hyperactive–impulsive behaviors in clinical settings.