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Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies
Resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones is being increasingly reported among human but also veterinary isolates during the last two to three decades, very likely as a consequence of the large clinical usage of those antibiotics. Even if the principle mechanisms of resistance to quinolones are...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Research Foundation
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270319/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22347217 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00024 |
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author | Poirel, Laurent Cattoir, Vincent Nordmann, Patrice |
author_facet | Poirel, Laurent Cattoir, Vincent Nordmann, Patrice |
author_sort | Poirel, Laurent |
collection | PubMed |
description | Resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones is being increasingly reported among human but also veterinary isolates during the last two to three decades, very likely as a consequence of the large clinical usage of those antibiotics. Even if the principle mechanisms of resistance to quinolones are chromosome-encoded, due to modifications of molecular targets (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV), decreased outer-membrane permeability (porin defect), and overexpression of naturally occurring efflux, the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) has been reported since 1998. Although these PMQR determinants confer low-level resistance to quinolones and/or fluoroquinolones, they are a favorable background for selection of additional chromosome-encoded quinolone resistance mechanisms. Different transferable mechanisms have been identified, corresponding to the production of Qnr proteins, of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, or of the QepA-type or OqxAB-type efflux pumps. Qnr proteins protect target enzymes (DNA gyrase and type IV topoisomerase) from quinolone inhibition. The AAC(6′)-Ib-cr determinant acetylates several fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Finally, the QepA and OqxAB efflux pumps extrude fluoroquinolones from the bacterial cell. A series of studies have identified the environment to be a reservoir of PMQR genes, with farm animals and aquatic habitats being significantly involved. In addition, the origin of the qnr genes has been identified, corresponding to the waterborne species Shewanella sp. Altogether, the recent observations suggest that the aquatic environment might constitute the original source of PMQR genes, that would secondly spread among animal or human isolates. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3270319 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Frontiers Research Foundation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-32703192012-02-15 Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies Poirel, Laurent Cattoir, Vincent Nordmann, Patrice Front Microbiol Microbiology Resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones is being increasingly reported among human but also veterinary isolates during the last two to three decades, very likely as a consequence of the large clinical usage of those antibiotics. Even if the principle mechanisms of resistance to quinolones are chromosome-encoded, due to modifications of molecular targets (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV), decreased outer-membrane permeability (porin defect), and overexpression of naturally occurring efflux, the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) has been reported since 1998. Although these PMQR determinants confer low-level resistance to quinolones and/or fluoroquinolones, they are a favorable background for selection of additional chromosome-encoded quinolone resistance mechanisms. Different transferable mechanisms have been identified, corresponding to the production of Qnr proteins, of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, or of the QepA-type or OqxAB-type efflux pumps. Qnr proteins protect target enzymes (DNA gyrase and type IV topoisomerase) from quinolone inhibition. The AAC(6′)-Ib-cr determinant acetylates several fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Finally, the QepA and OqxAB efflux pumps extrude fluoroquinolones from the bacterial cell. A series of studies have identified the environment to be a reservoir of PMQR genes, with farm animals and aquatic habitats being significantly involved. In addition, the origin of the qnr genes has been identified, corresponding to the waterborne species Shewanella sp. Altogether, the recent observations suggest that the aquatic environment might constitute the original source of PMQR genes, that would secondly spread among animal or human isolates. Frontiers Research Foundation 2012-02-02 /pmc/articles/PMC3270319/ /pubmed/22347217 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00024 Text en Copyright © 2012 Poirel, Cattoir and Nordmann. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Poirel, Laurent Cattoir, Vincent Nordmann, Patrice Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies |
title | Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies |
title_full | Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies |
title_fullStr | Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies |
title_full_unstemmed | Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies |
title_short | Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies |
title_sort | plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance; interactions between human, animal, and environmental ecologies |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270319/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22347217 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00024 |
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