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Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation
The vestibular system sends projections to brainstem autonomic nuclei that modulate heart rate and blood pressure in response to changes in head and body position with regard to gravity. Consistent with this, binaural sinusoidally modulated galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) in humans causes vas...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Research Foundation
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3289126/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403566 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00004 |
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author | Holstein, Gay R. Friedrich Jr., Victor L. Martinelli, Giorgio P. Ogorodnikov, Dmitri Yakushin, Sergei B. Cohen, Bernard |
author_facet | Holstein, Gay R. Friedrich Jr., Victor L. Martinelli, Giorgio P. Ogorodnikov, Dmitri Yakushin, Sergei B. Cohen, Bernard |
author_sort | Holstein, Gay R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The vestibular system sends projections to brainstem autonomic nuclei that modulate heart rate and blood pressure in response to changes in head and body position with regard to gravity. Consistent with this, binaural sinusoidally modulated galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) in humans causes vasoconstriction in the legs, while low frequency (0.02–0.04 Hz) sGVS causes a rapid drop in heart rate and blood pressure in anesthetized rats. We have hypothesized that these responses occur through activation of vestibulo-sympathetic pathways. In the present study, c-Fos protein expression was examined in neurons of the vestibular nuclei and rostral ventrolateral medullary region (RVLM) that were activated by low frequency sGVS. We found c-Fos-labeled neurons in the spinal, medial, and superior vestibular nuclei (SpVN, MVN, and SVN, respectively) and the parasolitary nucleus. The highest density of c-Fos-positive vestibular nuclear neurons was observed in MVN, where immunolabeled cells were present throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the nucleus. c-Fos expression was concentrated in the parvocellular region and largely absent from magnocellular MVN. c-Fos-labeled cells were scattered throughout caudal SpVN, and the immunostained neurons in SVN were restricted to a discrete wedge-shaped area immediately lateral to the IVth ventricle. Immunofluorescence localization of c-Fos and glutamate revealed that approximately one third of the c-Fos-labeled vestibular neurons showed intense glutamate-like immunofluorescence, far in excess of the stain reflecting the metabolic pool of cytoplasmic glutamate. In the RVLM, which receives a direct projection from the vestibular nuclei and sends efferents to preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord, we observed an approximately threefold increase in c-Fos labeling in the sGVS-activated rats. We conclude that localization of c-Fos protein following sGVS is a reliable marker for sGVS-activated neurons of the vestibulo-sympathetic pathway. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3289126 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Frontiers Research Foundation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-32891262012-03-08 Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Holstein, Gay R. Friedrich Jr., Victor L. Martinelli, Giorgio P. Ogorodnikov, Dmitri Yakushin, Sergei B. Cohen, Bernard Front Neurol Neurscience The vestibular system sends projections to brainstem autonomic nuclei that modulate heart rate and blood pressure in response to changes in head and body position with regard to gravity. Consistent with this, binaural sinusoidally modulated galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) in humans causes vasoconstriction in the legs, while low frequency (0.02–0.04 Hz) sGVS causes a rapid drop in heart rate and blood pressure in anesthetized rats. We have hypothesized that these responses occur through activation of vestibulo-sympathetic pathways. In the present study, c-Fos protein expression was examined in neurons of the vestibular nuclei and rostral ventrolateral medullary region (RVLM) that were activated by low frequency sGVS. We found c-Fos-labeled neurons in the spinal, medial, and superior vestibular nuclei (SpVN, MVN, and SVN, respectively) and the parasolitary nucleus. The highest density of c-Fos-positive vestibular nuclear neurons was observed in MVN, where immunolabeled cells were present throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the nucleus. c-Fos expression was concentrated in the parvocellular region and largely absent from magnocellular MVN. c-Fos-labeled cells were scattered throughout caudal SpVN, and the immunostained neurons in SVN were restricted to a discrete wedge-shaped area immediately lateral to the IVth ventricle. Immunofluorescence localization of c-Fos and glutamate revealed that approximately one third of the c-Fos-labeled vestibular neurons showed intense glutamate-like immunofluorescence, far in excess of the stain reflecting the metabolic pool of cytoplasmic glutamate. In the RVLM, which receives a direct projection from the vestibular nuclei and sends efferents to preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord, we observed an approximately threefold increase in c-Fos labeling in the sGVS-activated rats. We conclude that localization of c-Fos protein following sGVS is a reliable marker for sGVS-activated neurons of the vestibulo-sympathetic pathway. Frontiers Research Foundation 2012-02-28 /pmc/articles/PMC3289126/ /pubmed/22403566 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00004 Text en Copyright © 2012 Holstein, Friedrich Jr, Martinelli, Ogorodnikov, Yakushin and Cohen. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Neurscience Holstein, Gay R. Friedrich Jr., Victor L. Martinelli, Giorgio P. Ogorodnikov, Dmitri Yakushin, Sergei B. Cohen, Bernard Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation |
title | Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation |
title_full | Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation |
title_fullStr | Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation |
title_full_unstemmed | Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation |
title_short | Fos Expression in Neurons of the Rat Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathway Activated by Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation |
title_sort | fos expression in neurons of the rat vestibulo-autonomic pathway activated by sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation |
topic | Neurscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3289126/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403566 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00004 |
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