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Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng
Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306998/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474399 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732860 |
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author | Byeon, Se Eun Lee, Jaehwi Kim, Ji Hye Yang, Woo Seok Kwak, Yi-Seong Kim, Sun Young Choung, Eui Su Rhee, Man Hee Cho, Jae Youl |
author_facet | Byeon, Se Eun Lee, Jaehwi Kim, Ji Hye Yang, Woo Seok Kwak, Yi-Seong Kim, Sun Young Choung, Eui Su Rhee, Man Hee Cho, Jae Youl |
author_sort | Byeon, Se Eun |
collection | PubMed |
description | Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of molecular activation of RGAP in macrophages. RGAP treatment strongly induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells without altering morphological changes, although the activity was not strong compared to LPS-induced dendritic-like morphology in RAW264.7 cells. RGAP-induced NO production was accompanied with enhanced mRNA levels of iNOS and increases in nuclear transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, ATF-2, and CREB. According to pharmacological evaluation with specific enzyme inhibitors, Western blot analysis of intracellular signaling proteins and inhibitory pattern using blocking antibodies, ERK, and JNK were found to be the most important signaling enzymes compared to LPS signaling cascade. Further, TLR2 seems to be a target surface receptor of RGAP. Lastly, macrophages isolated from RGS2 knockout mice or wortmannin exposure strongly upregulated RGAP-treated NO production. Therefore, our results suggest that RGAP can activate macrophage function through activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 and their upstream signaling enzymes such as ERK and JNK. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3306998 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-33069982012-04-03 Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng Byeon, Se Eun Lee, Jaehwi Kim, Ji Hye Yang, Woo Seok Kwak, Yi-Seong Kim, Sun Young Choung, Eui Su Rhee, Man Hee Cho, Jae Youl Mediators Inflamm Research Article Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of molecular activation of RGAP in macrophages. RGAP treatment strongly induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells without altering morphological changes, although the activity was not strong compared to LPS-induced dendritic-like morphology in RAW264.7 cells. RGAP-induced NO production was accompanied with enhanced mRNA levels of iNOS and increases in nuclear transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, ATF-2, and CREB. According to pharmacological evaluation with specific enzyme inhibitors, Western blot analysis of intracellular signaling proteins and inhibitory pattern using blocking antibodies, ERK, and JNK were found to be the most important signaling enzymes compared to LPS signaling cascade. Further, TLR2 seems to be a target surface receptor of RGAP. Lastly, macrophages isolated from RGS2 knockout mice or wortmannin exposure strongly upregulated RGAP-treated NO production. Therefore, our results suggest that RGAP can activate macrophage function through activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 and their upstream signaling enzymes such as ERK and JNK. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012 2012-02-01 /pmc/articles/PMC3306998/ /pubmed/22474399 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732860 Text en Copyright © 2012 Se Eun Byeon et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Byeon, Se Eun Lee, Jaehwi Kim, Ji Hye Yang, Woo Seok Kwak, Yi-Seong Kim, Sun Young Choung, Eui Su Rhee, Man Hee Cho, Jae Youl Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng |
title | Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng |
title_full | Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng |
title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng |
title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng |
title_short | Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng |
title_sort | molecular mechanism of macrophage activation by red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from korean red ginseng |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306998/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474399 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732860 |
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