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Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng

Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the...

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Autores principales: Byeon, Se Eun, Lee, Jaehwi, Kim, Ji Hye, Yang, Woo Seok, Kwak, Yi-Seong, Kim, Sun Young, Choung, Eui Su, Rhee, Man Hee, Cho, Jae Youl
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306998/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474399
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732860
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author Byeon, Se Eun
Lee, Jaehwi
Kim, Ji Hye
Yang, Woo Seok
Kwak, Yi-Seong
Kim, Sun Young
Choung, Eui Su
Rhee, Man Hee
Cho, Jae Youl
author_facet Byeon, Se Eun
Lee, Jaehwi
Kim, Ji Hye
Yang, Woo Seok
Kwak, Yi-Seong
Kim, Sun Young
Choung, Eui Su
Rhee, Man Hee
Cho, Jae Youl
author_sort Byeon, Se Eun
collection PubMed
description Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of molecular activation of RGAP in macrophages. RGAP treatment strongly induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells without altering morphological changes, although the activity was not strong compared to LPS-induced dendritic-like morphology in RAW264.7 cells. RGAP-induced NO production was accompanied with enhanced mRNA levels of iNOS and increases in nuclear transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, ATF-2, and CREB. According to pharmacological evaluation with specific enzyme inhibitors, Western blot analysis of intracellular signaling proteins and inhibitory pattern using blocking antibodies, ERK, and JNK were found to be the most important signaling enzymes compared to LPS signaling cascade. Further, TLR2 seems to be a target surface receptor of RGAP. Lastly, macrophages isolated from RGS2 knockout mice or wortmannin exposure strongly upregulated RGAP-treated NO production. Therefore, our results suggest that RGAP can activate macrophage function through activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 and their upstream signaling enzymes such as ERK and JNK.
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spelling pubmed-33069982012-04-03 Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng Byeon, Se Eun Lee, Jaehwi Kim, Ji Hye Yang, Woo Seok Kwak, Yi-Seong Kim, Sun Young Choung, Eui Su Rhee, Man Hee Cho, Jae Youl Mediators Inflamm Research Article Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of molecular activation of RGAP in macrophages. RGAP treatment strongly induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells without altering morphological changes, although the activity was not strong compared to LPS-induced dendritic-like morphology in RAW264.7 cells. RGAP-induced NO production was accompanied with enhanced mRNA levels of iNOS and increases in nuclear transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, ATF-2, and CREB. According to pharmacological evaluation with specific enzyme inhibitors, Western blot analysis of intracellular signaling proteins and inhibitory pattern using blocking antibodies, ERK, and JNK were found to be the most important signaling enzymes compared to LPS signaling cascade. Further, TLR2 seems to be a target surface receptor of RGAP. Lastly, macrophages isolated from RGS2 knockout mice or wortmannin exposure strongly upregulated RGAP-treated NO production. Therefore, our results suggest that RGAP can activate macrophage function through activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 and their upstream signaling enzymes such as ERK and JNK. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012 2012-02-01 /pmc/articles/PMC3306998/ /pubmed/22474399 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732860 Text en Copyright © 2012 Se Eun Byeon et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Byeon, Se Eun
Lee, Jaehwi
Kim, Ji Hye
Yang, Woo Seok
Kwak, Yi-Seong
Kim, Sun Young
Choung, Eui Su
Rhee, Man Hee
Cho, Jae Youl
Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng
title Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng
title_full Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng
title_fullStr Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng
title_full_unstemmed Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng
title_short Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng
title_sort molecular mechanism of macrophage activation by red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from korean red ginseng
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306998/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474399
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732860
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