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Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction

PURPOSE: Oligo/amenorrhea, as a part of the Female Athlete Triad has adverse effects on the athlete's bone mineral density (BMD) and cardiovascular system. Hypoestrogenism, due to suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA) as a result of energy imbalance, is the possible cause of the Tria...

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Autores principales: Soleimany, Ghazaleh, Dadgostar, Haleh, Lotfian, Sara, Moradi-Lakeh, Mazyar, Dadgostar, Elham, Movaseghi, Shafieh
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307967/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461966
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author Soleimany, Ghazaleh
Dadgostar, Haleh
Lotfian, Sara
Moradi-Lakeh, Mazyar
Dadgostar, Elham
Movaseghi, Shafieh
author_facet Soleimany, Ghazaleh
Dadgostar, Haleh
Lotfian, Sara
Moradi-Lakeh, Mazyar
Dadgostar, Elham
Movaseghi, Shafieh
author_sort Soleimany, Ghazaleh
collection PubMed
description PURPOSE: Oligo/amenorrhea, as a part of the Female Athlete Triad has adverse effects on the athlete's bone mineral density (BMD) and cardiovascular system. Hypoestrogenism, due to suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA) as a result of energy imbalance, is the possible cause of the Triad. This study was designed based on following up and reassessment of elite female athletes who were diagnosed as menstrual dysfunction about two years ago. METHODS: This study was conducted in three phase sections: 1) Reassess the pattern of menstrual cycle among athletes who reported menstrual dysfunction about two years ago; 2) Bone mineral density was measured twice in the same machine and same center with a two-year interval; 3) The laboratory data including blood glucose, lipid profile and inflammatory markers was assessed in phase 3. RESULTS: BMD of athletes did not change significantly after 25.5 months of oligomenorrhea P (spine) = 0.2, P (femur)=0.9. Mean of all cardiovascular factors was in the normal range except for high density lipoprotein (HDL) which was 49.28 (SD=9.18), however, most of the athletes had abnormalities in their lipid profile. Inverse relationship between the increase in the BMD of spine and total cholesterol (r =−0.49, P=0.04), Apolipoprotein A (r = −0.51 P=0.04), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (r =−0.66, P=0.009). Also correlation between BMD of spine and HbA1C (r =−0.70, P=0.003) were significant. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study show that negative changes in BMD and cardiovascular biomarkers of female athletes with functional hypothalamic menstrual dysfunction could occur if proper therapeutic intervention (including increase in calorie intake, decrease in exercise load or hormonal replacement) will not consider.
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spelling pubmed-33079672012-03-29 Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction Soleimany, Ghazaleh Dadgostar, Haleh Lotfian, Sara Moradi-Lakeh, Mazyar Dadgostar, Elham Movaseghi, Shafieh Asian J Sports Med Original Article PURPOSE: Oligo/amenorrhea, as a part of the Female Athlete Triad has adverse effects on the athlete's bone mineral density (BMD) and cardiovascular system. Hypoestrogenism, due to suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA) as a result of energy imbalance, is the possible cause of the Triad. This study was designed based on following up and reassessment of elite female athletes who were diagnosed as menstrual dysfunction about two years ago. METHODS: This study was conducted in three phase sections: 1) Reassess the pattern of menstrual cycle among athletes who reported menstrual dysfunction about two years ago; 2) Bone mineral density was measured twice in the same machine and same center with a two-year interval; 3) The laboratory data including blood glucose, lipid profile and inflammatory markers was assessed in phase 3. RESULTS: BMD of athletes did not change significantly after 25.5 months of oligomenorrhea P (spine) = 0.2, P (femur)=0.9. Mean of all cardiovascular factors was in the normal range except for high density lipoprotein (HDL) which was 49.28 (SD=9.18), however, most of the athletes had abnormalities in their lipid profile. Inverse relationship between the increase in the BMD of spine and total cholesterol (r =−0.49, P=0.04), Apolipoprotein A (r = −0.51 P=0.04), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (r =−0.66, P=0.009). Also correlation between BMD of spine and HbA1C (r =−0.70, P=0.003) were significant. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study show that negative changes in BMD and cardiovascular biomarkers of female athletes with functional hypothalamic menstrual dysfunction could occur if proper therapeutic intervention (including increase in calorie intake, decrease in exercise load or hormonal replacement) will not consider. Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2012-03 /pmc/articles/PMC3307967/ /pubmed/22461966 Text en © 2012 Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.
spellingShingle Original Article
Soleimany, Ghazaleh
Dadgostar, Haleh
Lotfian, Sara
Moradi-Lakeh, Mazyar
Dadgostar, Elham
Movaseghi, Shafieh
Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction
title Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction
title_full Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction
title_fullStr Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction
title_full_unstemmed Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction
title_short Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction
title_sort bone mineral changes and cardiovascular effects among female athletes with chronic menstrual dysfunction
topic Original Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307967/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461966
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