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Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History
BACKGROUND: Smoking is a risk factor for various lung diseases in which BAL may be used as a part of a clinical investigation. Interpretation of BAL fluid cellularity is however difficult due to high variability, in particular among smokers. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking o...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3315521/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22479573 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034232 |
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author | Karimi, Reza Tornling, Göran Grunewald, Johan Eklund, Anders Sköld, C. Magnus |
author_facet | Karimi, Reza Tornling, Göran Grunewald, Johan Eklund, Anders Sköld, C. Magnus |
author_sort | Karimi, Reza |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Smoking is a risk factor for various lung diseases in which BAL may be used as a part of a clinical investigation. Interpretation of BAL fluid cellularity is however difficult due to high variability, in particular among smokers. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking on BAL cellular components in asymptomatic smokers. The effects of smoking cessation, age and gender were also investigated in groups of smokers and exsmokers. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of BAL findings, to our knowledge the largest single center investigation, in our department from 1999 to 2009. One hundred thirty two current smokers (48 males and 84 females) and 44 ex-smokers (16 males and 28 females) were included. A group of 295 (132 males and 163 females) never-smokers served as reference. RESULT: The median [5–95 pctl] total number of cells and cell concentration in current smokers were 63.4 [28.6–132.1]×10(6) and 382.1 [189.7–864.3]×10(6)/L respectively and correlated positively to the cumulative smoking history. Macrophages were the predominant cell type (96.7% [90.4–99.0]) followed by lymphocytes (2% [0.8–7.7]) and neutrophils (0.6% [0–2.9]). The concentration of all inflammatory cells was increased in smokers compared to never smokers and ex-smokers. BAL fluid recovery was negatively correlated with age (p<0.001). Smoking men had a lower BAL fluid recovery than smoking women. CONCLUSION: Smoking has a profound effect on BAL fluid cellularity, which is dependent on smoking history. Our results performed on a large group of current smokers and ex-smokers in a well standardized way, can contribute to better interpretation of BAL fluid cellularity in clinical context. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3315521 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-33155212012-04-04 Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History Karimi, Reza Tornling, Göran Grunewald, Johan Eklund, Anders Sköld, C. Magnus PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: Smoking is a risk factor for various lung diseases in which BAL may be used as a part of a clinical investigation. Interpretation of BAL fluid cellularity is however difficult due to high variability, in particular among smokers. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking on BAL cellular components in asymptomatic smokers. The effects of smoking cessation, age and gender were also investigated in groups of smokers and exsmokers. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of BAL findings, to our knowledge the largest single center investigation, in our department from 1999 to 2009. One hundred thirty two current smokers (48 males and 84 females) and 44 ex-smokers (16 males and 28 females) were included. A group of 295 (132 males and 163 females) never-smokers served as reference. RESULT: The median [5–95 pctl] total number of cells and cell concentration in current smokers were 63.4 [28.6–132.1]×10(6) and 382.1 [189.7–864.3]×10(6)/L respectively and correlated positively to the cumulative smoking history. Macrophages were the predominant cell type (96.7% [90.4–99.0]) followed by lymphocytes (2% [0.8–7.7]) and neutrophils (0.6% [0–2.9]). The concentration of all inflammatory cells was increased in smokers compared to never smokers and ex-smokers. BAL fluid recovery was negatively correlated with age (p<0.001). Smoking men had a lower BAL fluid recovery than smoking women. CONCLUSION: Smoking has a profound effect on BAL fluid cellularity, which is dependent on smoking history. Our results performed on a large group of current smokers and ex-smokers in a well standardized way, can contribute to better interpretation of BAL fluid cellularity in clinical context. Public Library of Science 2012-03-29 /pmc/articles/PMC3315521/ /pubmed/22479573 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034232 Text en Karimi et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Karimi, Reza Tornling, Göran Grunewald, Johan Eklund, Anders Sköld, C. Magnus Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History |
title | Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History |
title_full | Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History |
title_fullStr | Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History |
title_full_unstemmed | Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History |
title_short | Cell Recovery in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Smokers Is Dependent on Cumulative Smoking History |
title_sort | cell recovery in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in smokers is dependent on cumulative smoking history |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3315521/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22479573 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034232 |
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