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Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran
INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies on all types of illicit drug use among athletes are essential for both the sport community and drug control achievements. Here, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of amphetamine use in body builders in Tehran, Iran, 2007. MATERIAL AND METHODS:...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Termedia Publishing House
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361051/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22662012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28566 |
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author | Angoorani, Hooman Narenjiha, Hooman Tayyebi, Behnoosh Ghassabian, Akhgar Ahmadi, Gelareh Assari, Shervin |
author_facet | Angoorani, Hooman Narenjiha, Hooman Tayyebi, Behnoosh Ghassabian, Akhgar Ahmadi, Gelareh Assari, Shervin |
author_sort | Angoorani, Hooman |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies on all types of illicit drug use among athletes are essential for both the sport community and drug control achievements. Here, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of amphetamine use in body builders in Tehran, Iran, 2007. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of a substance use survey done in 103 randomly selected gymnasia in Tehran (capital city of Iran). The survey was conducted from November 2007 to January 2008 and included 843 randomly selected bodybuilders (aged 40 years or less). By interviews via questionnaires the following data were obtained: age, job, marital status, education level, housing status, average monthly family income, number of family members, gymnasium area (m(2)), number of trainers, number of gymnasium members, initiation time (months), weekly duration of the sporting activity (h), monthly cost of the sporting activity, purpose of participating in sporting activity, and history of anabolic steroid and amphetamine use. RESULTS: One hundred twenty (13.3%) body builders reported a history of amphetamine use. According to the results of regression analysis, being married (risk ratio – RR = 0.540), and participating in body building to enhance self-esteem (RR = 0.423) or to enhance sport performance (RR = 0.545) had protective effects on amphetamine use. However, having university qualifications (RR = 1.843), using anabolic steroids (RR = 1.803) and participating in sport to maintain fitness (RR = 2.472) were linked to increased risk of amphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS: Well-educated bodybuilders were more likely to use amphetamines, and why this is so needs to be discovered. If further studies show that they are not aware of the dangers associated with amphetamine use, providing them with information should be considered. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3361051 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Termedia Publishing House |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-33610512012-06-01 Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran Angoorani, Hooman Narenjiha, Hooman Tayyebi, Behnoosh Ghassabian, Akhgar Ahmadi, Gelareh Assari, Shervin Arch Med Sci Clinical Research INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies on all types of illicit drug use among athletes are essential for both the sport community and drug control achievements. Here, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of amphetamine use in body builders in Tehran, Iran, 2007. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of a substance use survey done in 103 randomly selected gymnasia in Tehran (capital city of Iran). The survey was conducted from November 2007 to January 2008 and included 843 randomly selected bodybuilders (aged 40 years or less). By interviews via questionnaires the following data were obtained: age, job, marital status, education level, housing status, average monthly family income, number of family members, gymnasium area (m(2)), number of trainers, number of gymnasium members, initiation time (months), weekly duration of the sporting activity (h), monthly cost of the sporting activity, purpose of participating in sporting activity, and history of anabolic steroid and amphetamine use. RESULTS: One hundred twenty (13.3%) body builders reported a history of amphetamine use. According to the results of regression analysis, being married (risk ratio – RR = 0.540), and participating in body building to enhance self-esteem (RR = 0.423) or to enhance sport performance (RR = 0.545) had protective effects on amphetamine use. However, having university qualifications (RR = 1.843), using anabolic steroids (RR = 1.803) and participating in sport to maintain fitness (RR = 2.472) were linked to increased risk of amphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS: Well-educated bodybuilders were more likely to use amphetamines, and why this is so needs to be discovered. If further studies show that they are not aware of the dangers associated with amphetamine use, providing them with information should be considered. Termedia Publishing House 2012-05-09 2012-05-09 /pmc/articles/PMC3361051/ /pubmed/22662012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28566 Text en Copyright © 2012 Termedia & Banach http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Clinical Research Angoorani, Hooman Narenjiha, Hooman Tayyebi, Behnoosh Ghassabian, Akhgar Ahmadi, Gelareh Assari, Shervin Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran |
title | Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran |
title_full | Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran |
title_fullStr | Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran |
title_full_unstemmed | Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran |
title_short | Amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from Tehran, Iran |
title_sort | amphetamine use and its associated factors in body builders: a study from tehran, iran |
topic | Clinical Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361051/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22662012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28566 |
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