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Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives

Resistance and tolerance are two complementary host defense mechanisms that increase fitness in response to low-virulence fungi. Resistance is meant to reduce pathogen burden during infection through innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, whereas tolerance mitigates the substantial cost of resistanc...

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Autores principales: Carvalho, Agostinho, Cunha, Cristina, Bozza, Silvia, Moretti, Silvia, Massi-Benedetti, Cristina, Bistoni, Francesco, Aversa, Franco, Romani, Luigina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Research Foundation 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374351/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22707953
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00156
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author Carvalho, Agostinho
Cunha, Cristina
Bozza, Silvia
Moretti, Silvia
Massi-Benedetti, Cristina
Bistoni, Francesco
Aversa, Franco
Romani, Luigina
author_facet Carvalho, Agostinho
Cunha, Cristina
Bozza, Silvia
Moretti, Silvia
Massi-Benedetti, Cristina
Bistoni, Francesco
Aversa, Franco
Romani, Luigina
author_sort Carvalho, Agostinho
collection PubMed
description Resistance and tolerance are two complementary host defense mechanisms that increase fitness in response to low-virulence fungi. Resistance is meant to reduce pathogen burden during infection through innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, whereas tolerance mitigates the substantial cost of resistance to host fitness through a multitude of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including immunological tolerance. In experimental fungal infections, both defense mechanisms are activated through the delicate equilibrium between Th1/Th17 cells, which provide antifungal resistance, and regulatory T cells limiting the consequences of the ensuing inflammatory pathology. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a rate-limiting enzyme in the tryptophan catabolism, plays a key role in induction of tolerance against fungi. Both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic compartments contribute to the resistance/tolerance balance against Aspergillus fumigatus via the involvement of selected innate receptors converging on IDO. Several genetic polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptors influence resistance and tolerance to fungal infections in human hematopoietic transplantation. Thus, tolerance mechanisms may be exploited for novel diagnostics and therapeutics against fungal infections and diseases.
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spelling pubmed-33743512012-06-15 Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives Carvalho, Agostinho Cunha, Cristina Bozza, Silvia Moretti, Silvia Massi-Benedetti, Cristina Bistoni, Francesco Aversa, Franco Romani, Luigina Front Immunol Immunology Resistance and tolerance are two complementary host defense mechanisms that increase fitness in response to low-virulence fungi. Resistance is meant to reduce pathogen burden during infection through innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, whereas tolerance mitigates the substantial cost of resistance to host fitness through a multitude of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including immunological tolerance. In experimental fungal infections, both defense mechanisms are activated through the delicate equilibrium between Th1/Th17 cells, which provide antifungal resistance, and regulatory T cells limiting the consequences of the ensuing inflammatory pathology. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a rate-limiting enzyme in the tryptophan catabolism, plays a key role in induction of tolerance against fungi. Both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic compartments contribute to the resistance/tolerance balance against Aspergillus fumigatus via the involvement of selected innate receptors converging on IDO. Several genetic polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptors influence resistance and tolerance to fungal infections in human hematopoietic transplantation. Thus, tolerance mechanisms may be exploited for novel diagnostics and therapeutics against fungal infections and diseases. Frontiers Research Foundation 2012-06-13 /pmc/articles/PMC3374351/ /pubmed/22707953 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00156 Text en Copyright © 2012 Carvalho, Cunha, Bozza, Moretti, Massi-Benedetti, Bistoni, Aversa and Romani. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.
spellingShingle Immunology
Carvalho, Agostinho
Cunha, Cristina
Bozza, Silvia
Moretti, Silvia
Massi-Benedetti, Cristina
Bistoni, Francesco
Aversa, Franco
Romani, Luigina
Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives
title Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives
title_full Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives
title_fullStr Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives
title_full_unstemmed Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives
title_short Immunity and Tolerance to Fungi in Hematopoietic Transplantation: Principles and Perspectives
title_sort immunity and tolerance to fungi in hematopoietic transplantation: principles and perspectives
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374351/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22707953
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00156
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