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Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization
BACKGROUND: Class 1 integrons are one of the most successful elements in the acquisition, expression and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) among clinical isolates. Little is known about the gene flow of the components of the genetic platforms of class 1 integrons within and between bact...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382206/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22761743 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039223 |
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author | Nardelli, Maximiliano Scalzo, Paula Marina Ramírez, María Soledad Quiroga, María Paula Cassini, Marcelo Hernán Centrón, Daniela |
author_facet | Nardelli, Maximiliano Scalzo, Paula Marina Ramírez, María Soledad Quiroga, María Paula Cassini, Marcelo Hernán Centrón, Daniela |
author_sort | Nardelli, Maximiliano |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Class 1 integrons are one of the most successful elements in the acquisition, expression and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) among clinical isolates. Little is known about the gene flow of the components of the genetic platforms of class 1 integrons within and between bacterial communities. Thus it is important to better understand the interactions among “environmental” intI1, its genetic platforms and its distribution with human activities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An evaluation of two types of genetic determinants, ARG (sul1 and qacE1/qacEΔ1 genes) and lateral genetic elements (LGE) (intI1, ISCR1 and tniC genes) in a model of a culture-based method without antibiotic selection was conducted in a gradient of anthropogenic disturbances in a Patagonian island recognized as being one of the last regions containing wild areas. The intI1, ISCR1 genes and intI1 pseudogenes that were found widespread throughout natural communities were not associated with urbanization (p>0.05). Each ARG that is embedded in the most common genetic platform of clinical class 1 integrons, showed different ecological and molecular behaviours in environmental samples. While the sul1 gene frequency was associated with urbanization, the qacE1/qacEΔ1 gene showed an adaptive role to several habitats. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The high frequency of intI1 pseudogenes suggests that, although intI1 has a deleterious impact within several genomes, it can easily be disseminated among natural bacterial communities. The widespread occurrence of ISCR1 and intI1 throughout Patagonian sites with different degree of urbanization, and within different taxa, could be one of the causes of the increasing frequency of multidrug-resistant isolates that have characterized Argentina for decades. The flow of ARG and LGE between natural and clinical communities cannot be explained with a single general process but is a direct consequence of the interaction of multiple factors operating at molecular, ecological, phylogenetic and historical levels. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3382206 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-33822062012-07-03 Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization Nardelli, Maximiliano Scalzo, Paula Marina Ramírez, María Soledad Quiroga, María Paula Cassini, Marcelo Hernán Centrón, Daniela PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: Class 1 integrons are one of the most successful elements in the acquisition, expression and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) among clinical isolates. Little is known about the gene flow of the components of the genetic platforms of class 1 integrons within and between bacterial communities. Thus it is important to better understand the interactions among “environmental” intI1, its genetic platforms and its distribution with human activities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An evaluation of two types of genetic determinants, ARG (sul1 and qacE1/qacEΔ1 genes) and lateral genetic elements (LGE) (intI1, ISCR1 and tniC genes) in a model of a culture-based method without antibiotic selection was conducted in a gradient of anthropogenic disturbances in a Patagonian island recognized as being one of the last regions containing wild areas. The intI1, ISCR1 genes and intI1 pseudogenes that were found widespread throughout natural communities were not associated with urbanization (p>0.05). Each ARG that is embedded in the most common genetic platform of clinical class 1 integrons, showed different ecological and molecular behaviours in environmental samples. While the sul1 gene frequency was associated with urbanization, the qacE1/qacEΔ1 gene showed an adaptive role to several habitats. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The high frequency of intI1 pseudogenes suggests that, although intI1 has a deleterious impact within several genomes, it can easily be disseminated among natural bacterial communities. The widespread occurrence of ISCR1 and intI1 throughout Patagonian sites with different degree of urbanization, and within different taxa, could be one of the causes of the increasing frequency of multidrug-resistant isolates that have characterized Argentina for decades. The flow of ARG and LGE between natural and clinical communities cannot be explained with a single general process but is a direct consequence of the interaction of multiple factors operating at molecular, ecological, phylogenetic and historical levels. Public Library of Science 2012-06-22 /pmc/articles/PMC3382206/ /pubmed/22761743 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039223 Text en Nardelli et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Nardelli, Maximiliano Scalzo, Paula Marina Ramírez, María Soledad Quiroga, María Paula Cassini, Marcelo Hernán Centrón, Daniela Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization |
title | Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization |
title_full | Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization |
title_fullStr | Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization |
title_full_unstemmed | Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization |
title_short | Class 1 Integrons in Environments with Different Degrees of Urbanization |
title_sort | class 1 integrons in environments with different degrees of urbanization |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382206/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22761743 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039223 |
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