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Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain
Post-ischemic inflammation is an essential step in the progression of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we focus on the post-ischemic inflammation triggered by infiltrating immune cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Brain ischemia is a sterile organ, but injury-induced inflammati...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Research Foundation
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400935/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833743 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00132 |
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author | Shichita, Takashi Sakaguchi, Ryota Suzuki, Mayu Yoshimura, Akihiko |
author_facet | Shichita, Takashi Sakaguchi, Ryota Suzuki, Mayu Yoshimura, Akihiko |
author_sort | Shichita, Takashi |
collection | PubMed |
description | Post-ischemic inflammation is an essential step in the progression of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we focus on the post-ischemic inflammation triggered by infiltrating immune cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Brain ischemia is a sterile organ, but injury-induced inflammation is mostly dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Some endogenous TLR ligands, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and peroxiredoxin family proteins, in particular, are implicated in the activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in infiltrating macrophages. Following macrophage activation, T lymphocytes infiltrate the ischemic brain and regulate the delayed phase inflammation. IL-17-producing γδT lymphocytes induced by IL-23 from macrophages promote ischemic brain injury, whereas regulatory T lymphocytes suppress the function of inflammatory mediators. A deeper understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms of infiltrating immune cells may lead to the development of novel neuroprotective therapies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3400935 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Frontiers Research Foundation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-34009352012-07-25 Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain Shichita, Takashi Sakaguchi, Ryota Suzuki, Mayu Yoshimura, Akihiko Front Immunol Immunology Post-ischemic inflammation is an essential step in the progression of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we focus on the post-ischemic inflammation triggered by infiltrating immune cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Brain ischemia is a sterile organ, but injury-induced inflammation is mostly dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Some endogenous TLR ligands, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and peroxiredoxin family proteins, in particular, are implicated in the activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in infiltrating macrophages. Following macrophage activation, T lymphocytes infiltrate the ischemic brain and regulate the delayed phase inflammation. IL-17-producing γδT lymphocytes induced by IL-23 from macrophages promote ischemic brain injury, whereas regulatory T lymphocytes suppress the function of inflammatory mediators. A deeper understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms of infiltrating immune cells may lead to the development of novel neuroprotective therapies. Frontiers Research Foundation 2012-05-31 /pmc/articles/PMC3400935/ /pubmed/22833743 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00132 Text en Copyright © 2012 Shichita, Sakaguchi, Suzuki and Yoshimura. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Shichita, Takashi Sakaguchi, Ryota Suzuki, Mayu Yoshimura, Akihiko Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain |
title | Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain |
title_full | Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain |
title_fullStr | Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain |
title_full_unstemmed | Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain |
title_short | Post-Ischemic Inflammation in the Brain |
title_sort | post-ischemic inflammation in the brain |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400935/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833743 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00132 |
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