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Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes
As synthetic biology advances, labeling of genes or organisms, like other high-value products, will become important not only to pinpoint their identity, origin, or spread, but also for intellectual property, classification, bio-security or legal reasons. Ideally information should be inseparably in...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3414517/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905136 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042465 |
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author | Liss, Michael Daubert, Daniela Brunner, Kathrin Kliche, Kristina Hammes, Ulrich Leiherer, Andreas Wagner, Ralf |
author_facet | Liss, Michael Daubert, Daniela Brunner, Kathrin Kliche, Kristina Hammes, Ulrich Leiherer, Andreas Wagner, Ralf |
author_sort | Liss, Michael |
collection | PubMed |
description | As synthetic biology advances, labeling of genes or organisms, like other high-value products, will become important not only to pinpoint their identity, origin, or spread, but also for intellectual property, classification, bio-security or legal reasons. Ideally information should be inseparably interlaced into expressed genes. We describe a method for embedding messages within open reading frames of synthetic genes by adapting steganographic algorithms typically used for watermarking digital media files. Text messages are first translated into a binary string, and then represented in the reading frame by synonymous codon choice. To aim for good expression of the labeled gene in its host as well as retain a high degree of codon assignment flexibility for gene optimization, codon usage tables of the target organism are taken into account. Preferably amino acids with 4 or 6 synonymous codons are used to comprise binary digits. Several different messages were embedded into open reading frames of T7 RNA polymerase, GFP, human EMG1 and HIV gag, variously optimized for bacterial, yeast, mammalian or plant expression, without affecting their protein expression or function. We also introduced Vigenère polyalphabetic substitution to cipher text messages, and developed an identifier as a key to deciphering codon usage ranking stored for a specific organism within a sequence of 35 nucleotides. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3414517 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-34145172012-08-19 Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes Liss, Michael Daubert, Daniela Brunner, Kathrin Kliche, Kristina Hammes, Ulrich Leiherer, Andreas Wagner, Ralf PLoS One Research Article As synthetic biology advances, labeling of genes or organisms, like other high-value products, will become important not only to pinpoint their identity, origin, or spread, but also for intellectual property, classification, bio-security or legal reasons. Ideally information should be inseparably interlaced into expressed genes. We describe a method for embedding messages within open reading frames of synthetic genes by adapting steganographic algorithms typically used for watermarking digital media files. Text messages are first translated into a binary string, and then represented in the reading frame by synonymous codon choice. To aim for good expression of the labeled gene in its host as well as retain a high degree of codon assignment flexibility for gene optimization, codon usage tables of the target organism are taken into account. Preferably amino acids with 4 or 6 synonymous codons are used to comprise binary digits. Several different messages were embedded into open reading frames of T7 RNA polymerase, GFP, human EMG1 and HIV gag, variously optimized for bacterial, yeast, mammalian or plant expression, without affecting their protein expression or function. We also introduced Vigenère polyalphabetic substitution to cipher text messages, and developed an identifier as a key to deciphering codon usage ranking stored for a specific organism within a sequence of 35 nucleotides. Public Library of Science 2012-08-08 /pmc/articles/PMC3414517/ /pubmed/22905136 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042465 Text en © 2012 Liss et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Liss, Michael Daubert, Daniela Brunner, Kathrin Kliche, Kristina Hammes, Ulrich Leiherer, Andreas Wagner, Ralf Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes |
title | Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes |
title_full | Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes |
title_fullStr | Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes |
title_full_unstemmed | Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes |
title_short | Embedding Permanent Watermarks in Synthetic Genes |
title_sort | embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3414517/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905136 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042465 |
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