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Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk

Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens that cause asymptomatic persistent infections present a significant challenge due to their life-long transmission potential. Although anti-microbials have been used to ameliorate acute disease in animals and humans, chemotherapeutic efficacy for apicomplexan pa...

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Autores principales: Ueti, Massaro W., Mealey, Robert H., Kappmeyer, Lowell S., White, Stephen N., Kumpula-McWhirter, Nancy, Pelzel, Angela M., Grause, Juanita F., Bunn, Thomas O., Schwartz, Andy, Traub-Dargatz, Josie L., Hendrickson, Amy, Espy, Benjamin, Guthrie, Alan J., Fowler, W. Kent, Knowles, Donald P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435266/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970295
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044713
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author Ueti, Massaro W.
Mealey, Robert H.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S.
White, Stephen N.
Kumpula-McWhirter, Nancy
Pelzel, Angela M.
Grause, Juanita F.
Bunn, Thomas O.
Schwartz, Andy
Traub-Dargatz, Josie L.
Hendrickson, Amy
Espy, Benjamin
Guthrie, Alan J.
Fowler, W. Kent
Knowles, Donald P.
author_facet Ueti, Massaro W.
Mealey, Robert H.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S.
White, Stephen N.
Kumpula-McWhirter, Nancy
Pelzel, Angela M.
Grause, Juanita F.
Bunn, Thomas O.
Schwartz, Andy
Traub-Dargatz, Josie L.
Hendrickson, Amy
Espy, Benjamin
Guthrie, Alan J.
Fowler, W. Kent
Knowles, Donald P.
author_sort Ueti, Massaro W.
collection PubMed
description Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens that cause asymptomatic persistent infections present a significant challenge due to their life-long transmission potential. Although anti-microbials have been used to ameliorate acute disease in animals and humans, chemotherapeutic efficacy for apicomplexan pathogen elimination from a persistently infected host and removal of transmission risk is largely unconfirmed. The recent re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in U.S. horses prompted testing whether imidocarb dipropionate was able to eliminate T. equi from naturally infected horses and remove transmission risk. Following imidocarb treatment, levels of T. equi declined from a mean of 10(4.9) organisms/ml of blood to undetectable by nested PCR in 24 of 25 naturally infected horses. Further, blood transfer from treated horses that became nested PCR negative failed to transmit to naïve splenectomized horses. Although these results were consistent with elimination of infection in 24 of 25 horses, T. equi-specific antibodies persisted in the majority of imidocarb treated horses. Imidocarb treatment was unsuccessful in one horse which remained infected as measured by nested PCR and retained the ability to infect a naïve recipient via intravenous blood transfer. However, a second round of treatment eliminated T. equi infection. These results support the utility of imidocarb chemotherapy for assistance in the control and eradication of this tick-borne pathogen. Successful imidocarb dipropionate treatment of persistently infected horses provides a tool to aid the global equine industry by removing transmission risk associated with infection and facilitating international movement of equids between endemic and non-endemic regions.
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spelling pubmed-34352662012-09-11 Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk Ueti, Massaro W. Mealey, Robert H. Kappmeyer, Lowell S. White, Stephen N. Kumpula-McWhirter, Nancy Pelzel, Angela M. Grause, Juanita F. Bunn, Thomas O. Schwartz, Andy Traub-Dargatz, Josie L. Hendrickson, Amy Espy, Benjamin Guthrie, Alan J. Fowler, W. Kent Knowles, Donald P. PLoS One Research Article Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens that cause asymptomatic persistent infections present a significant challenge due to their life-long transmission potential. Although anti-microbials have been used to ameliorate acute disease in animals and humans, chemotherapeutic efficacy for apicomplexan pathogen elimination from a persistently infected host and removal of transmission risk is largely unconfirmed. The recent re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in U.S. horses prompted testing whether imidocarb dipropionate was able to eliminate T. equi from naturally infected horses and remove transmission risk. Following imidocarb treatment, levels of T. equi declined from a mean of 10(4.9) organisms/ml of blood to undetectable by nested PCR in 24 of 25 naturally infected horses. Further, blood transfer from treated horses that became nested PCR negative failed to transmit to naïve splenectomized horses. Although these results were consistent with elimination of infection in 24 of 25 horses, T. equi-specific antibodies persisted in the majority of imidocarb treated horses. Imidocarb treatment was unsuccessful in one horse which remained infected as measured by nested PCR and retained the ability to infect a naïve recipient via intravenous blood transfer. However, a second round of treatment eliminated T. equi infection. These results support the utility of imidocarb chemotherapy for assistance in the control and eradication of this tick-borne pathogen. Successful imidocarb dipropionate treatment of persistently infected horses provides a tool to aid the global equine industry by removing transmission risk associated with infection and facilitating international movement of equids between endemic and non-endemic regions. Public Library of Science 2012-09-06 /pmc/articles/PMC3435266/ /pubmed/22970295 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044713 Text en https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.
spellingShingle Research Article
Ueti, Massaro W.
Mealey, Robert H.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S.
White, Stephen N.
Kumpula-McWhirter, Nancy
Pelzel, Angela M.
Grause, Juanita F.
Bunn, Thomas O.
Schwartz, Andy
Traub-Dargatz, Josie L.
Hendrickson, Amy
Espy, Benjamin
Guthrie, Alan J.
Fowler, W. Kent
Knowles, Donald P.
Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk
title Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk
title_full Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk
title_fullStr Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk
title_full_unstemmed Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk
title_short Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk
title_sort re-emergence of the apicomplexan theileria equi in the united states: elimination of persistent infection and transmission risk
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435266/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970295
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044713
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