Femoroacetabular Impingement in Athletes, Part 1: Cause and Assessment

CONTEXT: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of intra-articular hip pathology and secondary osteoarthritis. It affects athletes at a young age as they push their bodies beyond the diminished physiologic limits imposed by the altered joint morphology. Understanding the cause of this condition and its assessment in athletes is important. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The scientific literature was reviewed to reflect the current understanding of hip joint pathology among athletic individuals. Focus is given to the literature since 2003, when FAI was first reported as a cause of joint damage in the native hip. RESULTS: There are 3 types of FAI: pincer, cam, and combined. The pathomechanics and pattern of secondary intra-articular pathology are different among the types. History and examination usually reflect findings of joint damage among athletes, and radiographs can reveal the presence of underlying FAI. Other imaging studies may variably aid in detecting the pathology. CONCLUSIONS: FAI is a common cause of hip problems in athletes. Early recognition is an important first step in order to avoid the severe secondary damage that can occur.