Cargando…

Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards

BACKGROUND: Protective athletic mouthguards (PAM) produce oral mucosal injuries and may be associated with other systemic conditions. HYPOTHESIS: With wear, PAM become contaminated by a range of microorganisms. The number of microorganisms in PAM can be reduced by daily use of an antimicrobial solut...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Glass, Richard T., Conrad, Robert S., Köhler, Gerwald A., Warren, Aric J., Bullard, James W.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: SAGE Publications 2011
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445166/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016013
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738111404869
_version_ 1782243781960007680
author Glass, Richard T.
Conrad, Robert S.
Köhler, Gerwald A.
Warren, Aric J.
Bullard, James W.
author_facet Glass, Richard T.
Conrad, Robert S.
Köhler, Gerwald A.
Warren, Aric J.
Bullard, James W.
author_sort Glass, Richard T.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Protective athletic mouthguards (PAM) produce oral mucosal injuries and may be associated with other systemic conditions. HYPOTHESIS: With wear, PAM become contaminated by a range of microorganisms. The number of microorganisms in PAM can be reduced by daily use of an antimicrobial solution. Study Type: Case series. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty-two division I football player volunteers were divided into 4 groups, using PAM for varying lengths of time before surrendering them for microbial analysis. One group had their PAM soaked in an antimicrobial solution between uses. The PAM were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, using previously accepted methods. RESULTS: The 62 football players surrendered a total of 81 PAM for microbial analysis. The PAM yielded 154 gram-positive cocci, 150 gram-positive bacilli, 21 gram-negative cocci, 31 gram-negative bacilli, 22 yeasts, and 107 molds. The most common species of gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. Only 3 PAM (4%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The most common species of gram-positive bacilli were Brevibacterium spp. and Cellulomonas spp. The most common species of yeasts were Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, while the most common species of mold were Cochliobolus spp. and Penicillium chrysogenum. Soaking the PAM in an antimicrobial solution between uses substantially reduced the numbers of microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial microbial contamination of PAM occurs with use. The microbial load can be reduced by soaking in an antimicrobial solution between uses. Clinical Relevance: PAM are contaminated by microorganisms that have the potential to produce oral and systemic diseases. They should be sanitized daily and changed when they become sharp and/or jagged.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-3445166
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2011
publisher SAGE Publications
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-34451662012-09-26 Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards Glass, Richard T. Conrad, Robert S. Köhler, Gerwald A. Warren, Aric J. Bullard, James W. Sports Health Primary Care BACKGROUND: Protective athletic mouthguards (PAM) produce oral mucosal injuries and may be associated with other systemic conditions. HYPOTHESIS: With wear, PAM become contaminated by a range of microorganisms. The number of microorganisms in PAM can be reduced by daily use of an antimicrobial solution. Study Type: Case series. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty-two division I football player volunteers were divided into 4 groups, using PAM for varying lengths of time before surrendering them for microbial analysis. One group had their PAM soaked in an antimicrobial solution between uses. The PAM were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, using previously accepted methods. RESULTS: The 62 football players surrendered a total of 81 PAM for microbial analysis. The PAM yielded 154 gram-positive cocci, 150 gram-positive bacilli, 21 gram-negative cocci, 31 gram-negative bacilli, 22 yeasts, and 107 molds. The most common species of gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. Only 3 PAM (4%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The most common species of gram-positive bacilli were Brevibacterium spp. and Cellulomonas spp. The most common species of yeasts were Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, while the most common species of mold were Cochliobolus spp. and Penicillium chrysogenum. Soaking the PAM in an antimicrobial solution between uses substantially reduced the numbers of microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial microbial contamination of PAM occurs with use. The microbial load can be reduced by soaking in an antimicrobial solution between uses. Clinical Relevance: PAM are contaminated by microorganisms that have the potential to produce oral and systemic diseases. They should be sanitized daily and changed when they become sharp and/or jagged. SAGE Publications 2011-05 /pmc/articles/PMC3445166/ /pubmed/23016013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738111404869 Text en © 2011 The Author(s)
spellingShingle Primary Care
Glass, Richard T.
Conrad, Robert S.
Köhler, Gerwald A.
Warren, Aric J.
Bullard, James W.
Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards
title Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards
title_full Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards
title_fullStr Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards
title_full_unstemmed Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards
title_short Microbiota Found in Protective Athletic Mouthguards
title_sort microbiota found in protective athletic mouthguards
topic Primary Care
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445166/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016013
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738111404869
work_keys_str_mv AT glassrichardt microbiotafoundinprotectiveathleticmouthguards
AT conradroberts microbiotafoundinprotectiveathleticmouthguards
AT kohlergerwalda microbiotafoundinprotectiveathleticmouthguards
AT warrenaricj microbiotafoundinprotectiveathleticmouthguards
AT bullardjamesw microbiotafoundinprotectiveathleticmouthguards