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Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries

In battery applications, particularly in automobiles, submarines and remote communications, the state of charge (SoC) is needed in order to manage batteries efficiently. The most widely used physical parameter for this is electrolyte density. However, there is greater dependency between electrolyte...

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Autores principales: Cao-Paz, Ana María, Rodríguez-Pardo, Loreto, Fariña, José, Marcos-Acevedo, Jorge
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3472846/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112618
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120810604
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author Cao-Paz, Ana María
Rodríguez-Pardo, Loreto
Fariña, José
Marcos-Acevedo, Jorge
author_facet Cao-Paz, Ana María
Rodríguez-Pardo, Loreto
Fariña, José
Marcos-Acevedo, Jorge
author_sort Cao-Paz, Ana María
collection PubMed
description In battery applications, particularly in automobiles, submarines and remote communications, the state of charge (SoC) is needed in order to manage batteries efficiently. The most widely used physical parameter for this is electrolyte density. However, there is greater dependency between electrolyte viscosity and SoC than that seen for density and SoC. This paper presents a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor for electrolyte density-viscosity product measurements in lead acid batteries. The sensor is calibrated in H(2)SO(4) solutions in the battery electrolyte range to obtain sensitivity, noise and resolution. Also, real-time tests of charge and discharge are conducted placing the quartz crystal inside the battery. At the same time, the present theoretical “resolution limit” to measure the square root of the density-viscosity product [Formula: see text] of a liquid medium or best resolution achievable with a QCM oscillator is determined. Findings show that the resolution limit only depends on the characteristics of the liquid to be studied and not on frequency. The QCM resolution limit for [Formula: see text] measurements worsens when the density-viscosity product of the liquid is increased, but it cannot be improved by elevating the work frequency.
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spelling pubmed-34728462012-10-30 Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries Cao-Paz, Ana María Rodríguez-Pardo, Loreto Fariña, José Marcos-Acevedo, Jorge Sensors (Basel) Article In battery applications, particularly in automobiles, submarines and remote communications, the state of charge (SoC) is needed in order to manage batteries efficiently. The most widely used physical parameter for this is electrolyte density. However, there is greater dependency between electrolyte viscosity and SoC than that seen for density and SoC. This paper presents a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor for electrolyte density-viscosity product measurements in lead acid batteries. The sensor is calibrated in H(2)SO(4) solutions in the battery electrolyte range to obtain sensitivity, noise and resolution. Also, real-time tests of charge and discharge are conducted placing the quartz crystal inside the battery. At the same time, the present theoretical “resolution limit” to measure the square root of the density-viscosity product [Formula: see text] of a liquid medium or best resolution achievable with a QCM oscillator is determined. Findings show that the resolution limit only depends on the characteristics of the liquid to be studied and not on frequency. The QCM resolution limit for [Formula: see text] measurements worsens when the density-viscosity product of the liquid is increased, but it cannot be improved by elevating the work frequency. Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) 2012-08-03 /pmc/articles/PMC3472846/ /pubmed/23112618 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120810604 Text en © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Cao-Paz, Ana María
Rodríguez-Pardo, Loreto
Fariña, José
Marcos-Acevedo, Jorge
Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries
title Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries
title_full Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries
title_fullStr Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries
title_full_unstemmed Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries
title_short Resolution in QCM Sensors for the Viscosity and Density of Liquids: Application to Lead Acid Batteries
title_sort resolution in qcm sensors for the viscosity and density of liquids: application to lead acid batteries
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3472846/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112618
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120810604
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