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Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria

BACKGROUND: High rates of potentially pathogenic bacteria and respiratory viruses can be detected in the upper respiratory tract of healthy children. Investigating presence of and associations between these pathogens in healthy individuals is still a rather unexplored field of research, but may have...

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Autores principales: van den Bergh, Menno R., Biesbroek, Giske, Rossen, John W. A., de Steenhuijsen Piters, Wouter A. A., Bosch, Astrid A. T. M., van Gils, Elske J. M., Wang, Xinhui, Boonacker, Chantal W. B., Veenhoven, Reinier H., Bruin, Jacob P., Bogaert, Debby, Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474735/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082199
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047711
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author van den Bergh, Menno R.
Biesbroek, Giske
Rossen, John W. A.
de Steenhuijsen Piters, Wouter A. A.
Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.
van Gils, Elske J. M.
Wang, Xinhui
Boonacker, Chantal W. B.
Veenhoven, Reinier H.
Bruin, Jacob P.
Bogaert, Debby
Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.
author_facet van den Bergh, Menno R.
Biesbroek, Giske
Rossen, John W. A.
de Steenhuijsen Piters, Wouter A. A.
Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.
van Gils, Elske J. M.
Wang, Xinhui
Boonacker, Chantal W. B.
Veenhoven, Reinier H.
Bruin, Jacob P.
Bogaert, Debby
Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.
author_sort van den Bergh, Menno R.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: High rates of potentially pathogenic bacteria and respiratory viruses can be detected in the upper respiratory tract of healthy children. Investigating presence of and associations between these pathogens in healthy individuals is still a rather unexplored field of research, but may have implications for interpreting findings during disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We selected 986 nasopharyngeal samples from 433 6- to 24-month-old healthy children that had participated in a randomized controlled trial. We determined the presence of 20 common respiratory viruses using real-time PCR. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus were identified by conventional culture methods. Information on risk factors was obtained by questionnaires. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses followed by partial correlation analysis to identify the overall pattern of associations. S. pneumoniae colonization was positively associated with the presence of H. influenzae (adjusted odds ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.18–2.16), M. catarrhalis (1.78, 1.29–2.47), human rhinoviruses (1.63, 1.19–2.22) and enteroviruses (1.97, 1.26–3.10), and negatively associated with S. aureus presence (0.59, 0.35–0.98). H. influenzae was positively associated with human rhinoviruses (1.63, 1.22–2.18) and respiratory syncytial viruses (2.78, 1.06–7.28). M. catarrhalis colonization was positively associated with coronaviruses (1.99, 1.01–3.93) and adenoviruses (3.69, 1.29–10.56), and negatively with S. aureus carriage (0.42, 0.25–0.69). We observed a strong positive association between S. aureus and influenza viruses (4.87, 1.59–14.89). In addition, human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses were positively correlated (2.40, 1.66–3.47), as were enteroviruses and human bocavirus, WU polyomavirus, parainfluenza viruses, and human parechovirus. A negative association was observed between human rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data revealed high viral and bacterial prevalence rates and distinct bacterial-bacterial, viral-bacterial and viral-viral associations in healthy children, hinting towards the complexity and potential dynamics of microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract. This warrants careful consideration when associating microbial presence with specific respiratory diseases.
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spelling pubmed-34747352012-10-18 Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria van den Bergh, Menno R. Biesbroek, Giske Rossen, John W. A. de Steenhuijsen Piters, Wouter A. A. Bosch, Astrid A. T. M. van Gils, Elske J. M. Wang, Xinhui Boonacker, Chantal W. B. Veenhoven, Reinier H. Bruin, Jacob P. Bogaert, Debby Sanders, Elisabeth A. M. PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: High rates of potentially pathogenic bacteria and respiratory viruses can be detected in the upper respiratory tract of healthy children. Investigating presence of and associations between these pathogens in healthy individuals is still a rather unexplored field of research, but may have implications for interpreting findings during disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We selected 986 nasopharyngeal samples from 433 6- to 24-month-old healthy children that had participated in a randomized controlled trial. We determined the presence of 20 common respiratory viruses using real-time PCR. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus were identified by conventional culture methods. Information on risk factors was obtained by questionnaires. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses followed by partial correlation analysis to identify the overall pattern of associations. S. pneumoniae colonization was positively associated with the presence of H. influenzae (adjusted odds ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.18–2.16), M. catarrhalis (1.78, 1.29–2.47), human rhinoviruses (1.63, 1.19–2.22) and enteroviruses (1.97, 1.26–3.10), and negatively associated with S. aureus presence (0.59, 0.35–0.98). H. influenzae was positively associated with human rhinoviruses (1.63, 1.22–2.18) and respiratory syncytial viruses (2.78, 1.06–7.28). M. catarrhalis colonization was positively associated with coronaviruses (1.99, 1.01–3.93) and adenoviruses (3.69, 1.29–10.56), and negatively with S. aureus carriage (0.42, 0.25–0.69). We observed a strong positive association between S. aureus and influenza viruses (4.87, 1.59–14.89). In addition, human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses were positively correlated (2.40, 1.66–3.47), as were enteroviruses and human bocavirus, WU polyomavirus, parainfluenza viruses, and human parechovirus. A negative association was observed between human rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data revealed high viral and bacterial prevalence rates and distinct bacterial-bacterial, viral-bacterial and viral-viral associations in healthy children, hinting towards the complexity and potential dynamics of microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract. This warrants careful consideration when associating microbial presence with specific respiratory diseases. Public Library of Science 2012-10-17 /pmc/articles/PMC3474735/ /pubmed/23082199 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047711 Text en © 2012 van den Bergh et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
van den Bergh, Menno R.
Biesbroek, Giske
Rossen, John W. A.
de Steenhuijsen Piters, Wouter A. A.
Bosch, Astrid A. T. M.
van Gils, Elske J. M.
Wang, Xinhui
Boonacker, Chantal W. B.
Veenhoven, Reinier H.
Bruin, Jacob P.
Bogaert, Debby
Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.
Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria
title Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria
title_full Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria
title_fullStr Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria
title_full_unstemmed Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria
title_short Associations between Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Young Children: Interplay between Viruses and Bacteria
title_sort associations between pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of young children: interplay between viruses and bacteria
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474735/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082199
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047711
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