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Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances
Human behavior can be paradoxical, in that actions can be initiated that are seemingly incongruent with an individual’s explicit desires. This is most commonly observed in drug addiction, where maladaptive behavior (i.e., drug seeking) appears to be compulsive, continuing at great personal cost. App...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3490330/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133434 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00440 |
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author | Watson, P. de Wit, S. Hommel, Bernhard Wiers, R. W. |
author_facet | Watson, P. de Wit, S. Hommel, Bernhard Wiers, R. W. |
author_sort | Watson, P. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Human behavior can be paradoxical, in that actions can be initiated that are seemingly incongruent with an individual’s explicit desires. This is most commonly observed in drug addiction, where maladaptive behavior (i.e., drug seeking) appears to be compulsive, continuing at great personal cost. Approach biases toward addictive substances have been correlated with actual drug-use in a number of studies, suggesting that this measure can, in some cases, index everyday maladaptive tendencies. At present it is unclear whether this bias to drug cues is a Pavlovian conditioned approach response, a habitual response, the result of a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer process, or a goal-directed action in the sense that expectancy of the rewarding effects of drugs controls approach. We consider this question by combining the theoretical framework of associative learning with the available evidence from approach bias research. Although research investigating the relative contributions of these mechanisms to the approach bias is to date relatively limited, we review existing studies and also outline avenues for future research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3490330 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-34903302012-11-06 Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances Watson, P. de Wit, S. Hommel, Bernhard Wiers, R. W. Front Psychol Psychology Human behavior can be paradoxical, in that actions can be initiated that are seemingly incongruent with an individual’s explicit desires. This is most commonly observed in drug addiction, where maladaptive behavior (i.e., drug seeking) appears to be compulsive, continuing at great personal cost. Approach biases toward addictive substances have been correlated with actual drug-use in a number of studies, suggesting that this measure can, in some cases, index everyday maladaptive tendencies. At present it is unclear whether this bias to drug cues is a Pavlovian conditioned approach response, a habitual response, the result of a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer process, or a goal-directed action in the sense that expectancy of the rewarding effects of drugs controls approach. We consider this question by combining the theoretical framework of associative learning with the available evidence from approach bias research. Although research investigating the relative contributions of these mechanisms to the approach bias is to date relatively limited, we review existing studies and also outline avenues for future research. Frontiers Media S.A. 2012-10-22 /pmc/articles/PMC3490330/ /pubmed/23133434 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00440 Text en Copyright © 2012 Watson, de Wit, Hommel and Wiers. http://www.frontiersin.org/licenseagreement This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc. |
spellingShingle | Psychology Watson, P. de Wit, S. Hommel, Bernhard Wiers, R. W. Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances |
title | Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances |
title_full | Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances |
title_fullStr | Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances |
title_full_unstemmed | Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances |
title_short | Motivational Mechanisms and Outcome Expectancies Underlying the Approach Bias toward Addictive Substances |
title_sort | motivational mechanisms and outcome expectancies underlying the approach bias toward addictive substances |
topic | Psychology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3490330/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133434 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00440 |
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