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Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa

Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the Orbivirus genus in the family Reoviridae. Bluetongue was first described in South Africa, where it has probabl...

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Autores principales: Coetzee, Peter, Stokstad, Maria, Venter, Estelle H, Myrmel, Mette, Van Vuuren, Moritz
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973992
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-198
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author Coetzee, Peter
Stokstad, Maria
Venter, Estelle H
Myrmel, Mette
Van Vuuren, Moritz
author_facet Coetzee, Peter
Stokstad, Maria
Venter, Estelle H
Myrmel, Mette
Van Vuuren, Moritz
author_sort Coetzee, Peter
collection PubMed
description Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the Orbivirus genus in the family Reoviridae. Bluetongue was first described in South Africa, where it has probably been endemic in wild ruminants since antiquity. Since its discovery BT has had a major impact on sheep breeders in the country and has therefore been a key focus of research at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in Pretoria, South Africa. Several key discoveries were made at this Institute, including the demonstration that the aetiological agent of BT was a dsRNA virus that is transmitted by Culicoides midges and that multiple BTV serotypes circulate in nature. It is currently recognized that BT is endemic throughout most of South Africa and 22 of the 26 known serotypes have been detected in the region. Multiple serotypes circulate each vector season with the occurrence of different serotypes depending largely on herd-immunity. Indigenous sheep breeds, cattle and wild ruminants are frequently infected but rarely demonstrate clinical signs, whereas improved European sheep breeds are most susceptible. The immunization of susceptible sheep remains the most effective and practical control measure against BT. In order to protect sheep against multiple circulating serotypes, three pentavalent attenuated vaccines have been developed. Despite the proven efficacy of these vaccines in protecting sheep against the disease, several disadvantages are associated with their use in the field.
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spelling pubmed-34921722012-11-08 Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa Coetzee, Peter Stokstad, Maria Venter, Estelle H Myrmel, Mette Van Vuuren, Moritz Virol J Review Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the Orbivirus genus in the family Reoviridae. Bluetongue was first described in South Africa, where it has probably been endemic in wild ruminants since antiquity. Since its discovery BT has had a major impact on sheep breeders in the country and has therefore been a key focus of research at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in Pretoria, South Africa. Several key discoveries were made at this Institute, including the demonstration that the aetiological agent of BT was a dsRNA virus that is transmitted by Culicoides midges and that multiple BTV serotypes circulate in nature. It is currently recognized that BT is endemic throughout most of South Africa and 22 of the 26 known serotypes have been detected in the region. Multiple serotypes circulate each vector season with the occurrence of different serotypes depending largely on herd-immunity. Indigenous sheep breeds, cattle and wild ruminants are frequently infected but rarely demonstrate clinical signs, whereas improved European sheep breeds are most susceptible. The immunization of susceptible sheep remains the most effective and practical control measure against BT. In order to protect sheep against multiple circulating serotypes, three pentavalent attenuated vaccines have been developed. Despite the proven efficacy of these vaccines in protecting sheep against the disease, several disadvantages are associated with their use in the field. BioMed Central 2012-09-13 /pmc/articles/PMC3492172/ /pubmed/22973992 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-198 Text en Copyright ©2012 Coetzee et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review
Coetzee, Peter
Stokstad, Maria
Venter, Estelle H
Myrmel, Mette
Van Vuuren, Moritz
Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa
title Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa
title_full Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa
title_fullStr Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa
title_full_unstemmed Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa
title_short Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa
title_sort bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on south africa
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973992
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-198
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