A Review of Barriers and Enablers to Diagnosis and Management of Persons with Dementia in Primary Care

BACKGROUND: With the rise in the prevalence of dementia disorders and the growing critical impact of dementia on health-care resources, the provision of dementia care has increasingly come under scrutiny, with primary care physicians (PCP) being at the centre of such attention. PURPOSE: To critically examine barriers and enablers to timely diagnosis and optimal management of community living persons with dementia (PWD) in primary care. METHODS: An interpretive scoping review was used to synthesize and analyze an extensive body of heterogeneous Western literature published over the past decade. RESULTS: The current primary care systems in many Western countries, including Canada, face many challenges in providing responsive, comprehensive, safe, and cost-effective dementia care. This paper has identified a multitude of highly inter-related obstacles to optimal primary dementia care, including challenges related to: a) the complex biomedical, psychosocial, and ethical nature of the condition; b) the gaps in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and resources of PWD/caregivers and their primary care providers; and c) the broader systemic and structural barriers negatively affecting the context of dementia care. CONCLUSIONS: Further progress will require a coordinated campaign and significantly increased levels of commitment and effort, which should be ideally orchestrated by national dementia strategies focusing on the barriers and enablers identified in this paper.