Stepwise haplotype analysis: Are LD patterns repeatable?

A variety of techniques exist to describe and depict patterns of pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD). In the current paper, a new log-linear framework is proposed for the summarisation of local interactions among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our approach provides a straightforward means of capturing the diversity of higher-order LD relationships for small numbers of loci by investigating inter-marker interactions. Our method was applied to a dataset of 76 SNP markers spanning a genomic interval of length 2.8 megabases. The analysis of three short sub-regions is described in detail here. Model and graphical representations of contiguous markers in medium to high LD are presented. In the regions studied, evidence for sub-structure was detected, supporting the view that the genomic reality is complex. Interestingly, a critical evaluation of the method by bootstrapping showed that while some LD relationships were captured in a highly repeatable fashion, the majority were not. Large numbers of small interactions, both direct and indirect, mean that many models can adequately summarise the data at hand. Our results suggest that repeatability should be further investigated in the application of LD-based approaches.