High internal quantum efficiency in fullerene solar cells based on crosslinked polymer donor networks

The power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells depends crucially on the morphology of their donor–acceptor heterostructure. Although tremendous progress has been made to develop new materials that better cover the solar spectrum, this heterostructure is still formed by a primitive spontaneous demixing that is rather sensitive to processing and hence difficult to realize consistently over large areas. Here we report that the desired interpenetrating heterostructure with built-in phase contiguity can be fabricated by acceptor doping into a lightly crosslinked polymer donor network. The resultant nanotemplated network is highly reproducible and resilient to phase coarsening. For the regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C(61)-butyrate methyl ester donor–acceptor model system, we obtained 20% improvement in power conversion efficiency over conventional demixed biblend devices. We reached very high internal quantum efficiencies of up to 0.9 electron per photon at zero bias, over an unprecedentedly wide composition space. Detailed analysis of the power conversion, power absorbed and internal quantum efficiency landscapes reveals the separate contributions of optical interference and donor–acceptor morphology effects.