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Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses

Viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the translational machinery of the host cell. However, many RNA virus transcripts have marked structural differences from cellular mRNAs that preclude canonical translation initiation, such as the absence of a 5′ cap structure or the presence of h...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Firth, Andrew E., Brierley, Ian
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Society for General Microbiology 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542737/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535777
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.042499-0
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author Firth, Andrew E.
Brierley, Ian
author_facet Firth, Andrew E.
Brierley, Ian
author_sort Firth, Andrew E.
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description Viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the translational machinery of the host cell. However, many RNA virus transcripts have marked structural differences from cellular mRNAs that preclude canonical translation initiation, such as the absence of a 5′ cap structure or the presence of highly structured 5′UTRs containing replication and/or packaging signals. Furthermore, whilst the great majority of cellular mRNAs are apparently monocistronic, RNA viruses must often express multiple proteins from their mRNAs. In addition, RNA viruses have very compact genomes and are under intense selective pressure to optimize usage of the available sequence space. Together, these features have driven the evolution of a plethora of non-canonical translational mechanisms in RNA viruses that help them to meet these challenges. Here, we review the mechanisms utilized by RNA viruses of eukaryotes, focusing on internal ribosome entry, leaky scanning, non-AUG initiation, ribosome shunting, reinitiation, ribosomal frameshifting and stop-codon readthrough. The review will highlight recently discovered examples of unusual translational strategies, besides revisiting some classical cases.
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spelling pubmed-35427372013-04-24 Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses Firth, Andrew E. Brierley, Ian J Gen Virol Review Viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the translational machinery of the host cell. However, many RNA virus transcripts have marked structural differences from cellular mRNAs that preclude canonical translation initiation, such as the absence of a 5′ cap structure or the presence of highly structured 5′UTRs containing replication and/or packaging signals. Furthermore, whilst the great majority of cellular mRNAs are apparently monocistronic, RNA viruses must often express multiple proteins from their mRNAs. In addition, RNA viruses have very compact genomes and are under intense selective pressure to optimize usage of the available sequence space. Together, these features have driven the evolution of a plethora of non-canonical translational mechanisms in RNA viruses that help them to meet these challenges. Here, we review the mechanisms utilized by RNA viruses of eukaryotes, focusing on internal ribosome entry, leaky scanning, non-AUG initiation, ribosome shunting, reinitiation, ribosomal frameshifting and stop-codon readthrough. The review will highlight recently discovered examples of unusual translational strategies, besides revisiting some classical cases. Society for General Microbiology 2012-07 /pmc/articles/PMC3542737/ /pubmed/22535777 http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.042499-0 Text en © 2012 SGM http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review
Firth, Andrew E.
Brierley, Ian
Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses
title Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses
title_full Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses
title_fullStr Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses
title_full_unstemmed Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses
title_short Non-canonical translation in RNA viruses
title_sort non-canonical translation in rna viruses
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542737/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535777
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.042499-0
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