Airborne PM(2.5) Chemical Components and Low Birth Weight in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic Regions of the United States

Background: Previous studies on air pollutants and birth outcomes have reported inconsistent results. Chemical components of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) composition are spatially -heterogeneous, which might contribute to discrepancies across PM(2.5) studies. Objectives: We explored whether birth weight at term is affected by PM(2.5), PM(10) (PM ≤ 10 µm), and gaseous pollutants. Methods: We calculated exposures during gestation and each trimester for PM(2.5) chemical components, PM(10), PM(2.5), carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide for births in 2000–2007 for states in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States. Associations between exposures and risk of low birth weight (LBW) were adjusted by family and individual characteristics and region. Interaction terms were used to investigate whether risk differs by race or sex. Results: Several PM(2.5) chemical components were associated with LBW. Risk increased 4.9% (95% CI: 3.4, 6.5%), 4.7% (3.2, 6.2%), 5.7% (2.7, 8.8%), and 5.0% (3.1, 7.0%) per interquartile range increase of PM(2.5) aluminum, elemental carbon, nickel, and titanium, respectively. Other PM(2.5) chemical components and gaseous pollutants showed associations, but were not statistically significant in multipollutant models. The trimester associated with the highest relative risk differed among pollutants. Effect estimates for PM(2.5) elemental carbon and nickel were higher for infants of white mothers than for those of African-American mothers, and for males than females. Conclusions: Most exposure levels in our study area were in compliance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency air pollution standards; however, we identified associations between PM(2.5) components and LBW. Findings suggest that some PM(2.5) components may be more harmful than others, and that some groups may be particularly susceptible.