Screening for urinary biomarkers of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

The present study aimed to screen for urinary biomarkers of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children. These biomarkers were divided into three groups, the control, the steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and the SRNS groups, which were composed of 45, 32 and 9 children, respectively. Urine samples were obtained and analyzed using Au-chips. Compared with the control group, the peak intensities of four proteins, measured using mass-to-charge ratios, were significantly increased in the primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS; SSNS and SRNS combined) group (P<0.01). The intensity of three and one peaks increased significantly in the SSNS and SRNS groups, respectively, compared with the control (P<0.01). Compared with the SRNS group, the intensity of one protein peak increased in the SSNS group (P<0.01). The diagnostic model was established based on these four protein peaks. The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 88.89 and 93.75%, respectively. Four differentially expressed proteins may consequently serve as urinary biomarkers for SRNS in children.